The Effects Of Food Security On A Global Level - 1132 Words

In trying to answer the question, can poverty be eliminated, there are many different ways to address the subject of poverty. For purposes of this research, poverty is going to be looked at from the perspective of food security on a global level. ARS Food Security Research: USDA ARS. (2016) states that food security is defined as when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life. Food security includes the physical and economic access to food that meets their dietary needs. It has been established that food security is built on three factors, which include; food availability, food access, and food use. Food availability establishes that there are sufficient quantities that are consistently available. Food access ensures there are sufficient resources available to obtain the food that are necessary for a nutritious diet. It needs to be understood that food security is a very complex issue relating to sustainable devel opment that is linked to health through malnutrition, sustainable economic development, environment, and trade. Globally, while agriculture remains the largest employment sector of most developing countries, it is important for a country’s food security that there are international trade agreements. With the population of the world continuing to grow and the need for an increased amount of food to sustain this population globally, it is important to take a look at the present state of foodShow MoreRelatedFood Insecurity : A Brief Issues Paper Written For The Pacific Food Summit1585 Words   |  7 PagesFood Insecurity In India A Brief Issues Paper Written for the Pacific Food Summit Savanna Griffis (43819206) Words: 1572 Introduction Global food security has become one of the most prominent issues of the decade, as the world’s population, and thus the number of mouths to feed, is expected to reach 9.1 billion people by 2050. Despite growing income levels and overall economic growth, India continues to be one country that is severely affected by food insecurity, with a steady decline in calorieRead MoreClimate Change And National Security1295 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Climate Change and National Security For centuries the United States Military has addressed the many challenges of national security, from fighting for the foundation of America in the Revolutionary war, to the containment of terrorism and Islamic extremism in recent years, but now global climate change presents a new and very different type of challenge to national security. The stability of the world’s climate that has enabled human civilizations to grow and flourish over the last five thousandRead MoreThe Policy Process Of New Zealand Essay1647 Words   |  7 PagesThe Policy Process Task II: Briefing Paper Summary: There is an imminent threat posed by the climate change issue that New Zealand faces. Human wellbeing, food and water security, health issues and national security are some of the threats that New Zealand will have to resolve. One of the first global effort in response to combating the issue of climate change is the Kyoto Protocol. However, the agreement did not include the two largest world emitters of greenhouse gas - China and the USA. TheRead MoreHigh Fat Diets And Western Eating Habits1714 Words   |  7 PagesFigure 2. Trends over time in average global body mass index and global mean difference in GDP per capita (a) and KOF economic globalization index (b) for 127 countires 1980-2008 (Vogli et al. 2014). Additionally, these trends suggest a historical anomaly that has occurred over the last three decades. High fat diets and western eating habits were restricted to rich industrialised nations with higher Gross National Product levels (GNP). The consumption of animal products high in fat and proteinRead MoreEssay on Effect of Food Security in Climate Change1259 Words   |  6 PagesFood security is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as â€Å"a condition in which all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.† According to Mustafa Koc’s presentation, food security should be viewed as both a societal objective as well as a discourse where the need to for looking at the bigger picture is an evident themeRead MoreThe Policy Process I : Background Briefing Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesBackground Briefing The Effects of Climate Change †¢ Climate change has become a major challenging sustainable development issue of the twenty first century. It poses a significant and growing threat to human and public wellbeing, threatening food, water, health and national security. (Barrie Steffen, 2015, p. 2) †¢ Addressing the issue of climate change is more than the Artic ice and biodiversity. It is becoming increasingly clear that action on our emissions now may shape our security in the future. (BrownRead MoreThe Beef Market And Its Impact On Beef Production1503 Words   |  7 Pagesproduction, whilst the CAP reforms have tended to reduce this support of beef production (). Owing to it, self-sufficiency accomplishes nearly 100% (European Commission, 2015a). Beef is one of the important foods providing multi-nutrition such as protein, vitamin and iron, though it is a sutured fat food, and cheap-priced beef can cause health inequlity on account of that consumers can easier access to and tend to purchase beef compared to much healthier productions such as vegetables or fruits which areRead MoreMaintaining Agricultural Farmlands for the Worlds Growing Population1736 Words   |  7 Pages This has also led to many shortages of food, due to high demand because of the increasing popula tion. Demographists worry that if this growing issue continues to hurt food consumption of povertized countries, than there will be more deaths because the population is increasing, but the food levels are staying the same, or even decreasing. Some of these demographists believe that this is occurring, because the developed countries are intaking too much food. Others believe that this is because of theRead MoreSubsidies And The Lobbying Power Behind The United States1493 Words   |  6 PagesFor many countries, subsidies and the lobbying power behind them can have great effects on governmental policies and direction. By far, though, the agricultural subsidies advocates in the United States and, to a slightly lesser extent, the European Union have profound sway in government policies. Being dubbed the â€Å"breadbasket of the world† gives farmers and their lobbyists in the US immense power to ensure that the government subsidies continue to favor agriculture producers. By an d large, this practiceRead MoreA Brief Note On The European Union ( Eu )1461 Words   |  6 Pagesof economic development and a number of countries tend to rely on their agriculture business for national economies; thereby, it is also one of the most sensitive sectors in the world. Under this circumstance, the European Union (EU) is the biggest food supplier. Since the establishment of European trade bloc in the 1950s, the EU has been playing a significant role in international trade. Particularly, this on-going widened and deepened union has contributed to both internal and external development

unit 1 Essay - 2161 Words

Unit 1. Support children’s care, learning and development in the early years. 1.1. Outline the early years curriculum models supporting children’s care, learning and development Early years education generally based around common themes, although there are national variations. England Foundation Stage Framework for children aged 3-5 years and is in accordance with KS1. Works with set milestones. Early learning goals cover all areas but are not subject driven. There are 7 areas of learning: Personal, social and emotional development Communication and language Physical education Literacy Mathematics Understanding the world Expressive art and design Birth to three matters Regulations for children aged 0-3 years old.†¦show more content†¦Johann Pestalozzi’s work is still evident in modern practises. Most of today’s curriculum is based on child led learning because we now that children understand concepts when they have explored and found out for themselves. Pestalozzi opened a world famous school called the Yverdun Institute. Here he worked with Robert Owen and Freidrich Frobel. Robert Owen was also very concerned with equal opportunities, he believed that all children are capable of being nurtured. He thought that children should be taught in groups according to their capability rather than their age. This was controversial as children who weren’t as capable as their peers were generally outcast or excluded from education and made to do manual work instead. In today’s schools, children’s learning plans are also based on their stage rather than their age. This change may have been influenced by Robert Owens work. Education is about getting children to perform to their full potential rather than performing to age based milestones. Friedrich Frobel is another person highly influenced by Johann Pestalozzi’s work. He believed that children needed to be happy and healthy in order to learn. It was also his view that play should be the corner stone of a child’s education. He encouraged children to explore their environment discover things themselves. He emphasised the importance of outdoor learningShow MoreRelatedUnit 11983 Words   |  8 PagesPhoenix collegiate 12H Unit 1 The Business Environment Contents Task 1 Two Businesses on our door step * Types of businesses, purpose and ownerships of two contrasting businesses * Different stakeholders who influence the purpose of two contrasting businesses * How are two contrasting business are organised? * How the styles of organisation help them to fulfil their purposes? * Points of view of different stakeholders seeking to influence the aims and objective of twoRead MoreUnit 11499 Words   |  6 PagesThis eight-step process follows the circular pattern shown below, within which current problems are solved and new problems are identified on an ongoing basis. Figure 1 – The Simplex Process Below, we outline the tools and strategies you can use for each stage of the problem-solving process. Enjoy exploring these stages! Step 1: Find the Problem (Questions 7, 12) Your score is 5 out of 10   Ã‚   Some problems are very obvious, however others are not so easily identified. As part of an effectiveRead MoreUnit 11660 Words   |  7 PagesCreate a mapping similar to figure 1-1 for the decimal number 2931 using either paper and pencil or a word document. Exercise 1.1.2 Create a mapping similar to figure 1-2 for the binary number 110 using either paper and pencil or a word document. Exercise1.1.3 Create a mapping similar to figure 1-3 for the binary number 11 using either paper and pencil or a word document. Exercise 1.1.4 Create an expanded mapping similar to figure 1-3 for the binary number 10010 usingRead MoreUnit 11359 Words   |  6 Pagesvisual difficulties, - learning disability, difficulties understanding, - physical illness or disability, - distress - dementia or confusion, - lack of time - physical and environmental barriers. 3.3 The ways to overcome barriers to communicate. 1. Physical and environmental barriers. - provide a private situation when we have personal matters to discuss (e.g. put the curtains around the bed, use counseling room when convenient or necessary), - make sure the place is not too noisy, - temperatureRead MoreUnit 1 1 Essay858 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿DQ #1: Reflect upon the personal journey that led you to this program. Share a transformational event that drove you into this doctorate program. Who, in your life, was the most influential in leading you to advance you to this level of study? How would you expect this program to change your life? What is your personal vision for your future work?   Within these questions, please review and incorporate one peer-reviewed journal article relating to the potential impact of doctoral studies. The intentRead MoreUnit 1 Assignment 1711 Words   |  3 Pages When setting up a new website or business online, one of the most important steps in the process is the creation of a domain name. A domain name is the name that those on the Internet will use to find your website. It is contained in the URL for that particular page. It is a quick means to give users a glimpse into your site. The name you choose might be the name of your company or the services that you provide. It may include your location or any other information you wish to include. No matterRead MoreUnit 1 Tefl1073 Words   |  5 PagesWORKSHEET – UNIT 1 Task 1 – List 5 qualities that a ‘good’ teacher should have and give reasons for your choices. Which of these qualities do you consider to be more important, and why? 1. a good teacher should really love teaching because in my opinion you cannot be a good teacher if you do not like what you do. 2. a good teacher should be lively and entertaining because children do not like boring teachers, they need somebody who changes learning into pleasure. as my experience schooledRead MoreUnit 1 Questions727 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Unit 1 Questions. Total: 16 marks 1. How many electrons does Mg2+  have?  (1 mark) 10 electrons 2. Given that the half-life of the radioisotope carbon-14 is 5730 years, how useful do you think this isotope would be for dating bones that are over a million years old? (2 marks) 3. Summarize the four major types of biochemical reactions studied in this lesson. For each type give its name, a word summary of what happens during the reaction, and an example of where the reaction might be biologically importantRead MoreUnit 1 Assignment 11272 Words   |  6 PagesLiu 1 Jing Liu Prof. Sharifian Government 2306 26 Sep 2017 Unit1 Assignment I live in Texas State House District 115. The current Texas State Representative is Matt Rinaldi. 1 Texas State Senate District 16 and Texas State Senator is Don Huffines. From website www.house.state.tx.us/members/member-page/?district=115, district analyses reports can be found and downloaded. From the â€Å"District Profile Reports -TEXAS HOUSE DISTRICT 115 ACS 2010-2014 Estimates†, data showed in Texas House District 115,Read MoreUnit 1 Communication1302 Words   |  6 PagesBTEC NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE LEVEL 3. Unit 1. Developing effective communication in health and social care. Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context. CRITERIA P1. In this piece of writing, I am to explain the role of effective communication in different context, the methods, the interpersonal interactions and how it support service users with their

The Ottawa Charter and Health Promotion - 2462 Words

Describe the historical significance of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion The Ottawa Charter first came into existence at the First International Health Promotion Conference in Ottawa, Canada 21 November 1986. Here, a never before charter of such reputed importance was forged that not only promoted health, but also implemented various strategies that an individual, group or community could adhere to in order to achieve a healthy overall well-being by the year 2000. The context in which the Ottawa Charter was created is of great significance. Essentially, the Charter was forged during the age of technology i.e. televisions/telephones etc. This enabled the Charter to broadcast Health Promotion on an international scale and thus†¦show more content†¦The aspect of supportive environments focuses on sociocultural, physical, political and economic influences on health. An example of creating a supportive environment for young people is the National binge drinking strategy (2008). This strategy’s aim is to raise awareness of the harms and cost s associated with intoxication. * Road accidents (and death/severe injury); * Alcohol-related violence (as a perpetrator, a victim or a witness); * Trauma-related admissions to hospital emergency departments; * Unsafe sex and risk of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and/or unwanted pregnancy; and Social and personal consequences such as impact on families and social embarrassment (DrinkingNightmare - About the campaign . 2013. DrinkingNightmare - About the campaign . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.drinkingnightmare.gov.au/internet/drinkingnightmare/publishing.nsf/Content/about-the-campaign#Campaign%20objectives. [Accessed 24 August 2013].) I creating supportive environments, not only is the prevention of such events that harm young people to occur, but also the rehabilitation of young people is also available thus contributing to the establishment of positive health outcomes. Strengthening community action is instrumental in establishing positive health outcomes in young people. In strengthening community action, various support networks are put into place to not only preventShow MoreRelatedThe Ottawa Charter For Health Promotion1300 Words   |  6 PagesWhen the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was created on November 21, 1986, the world took a big leap towards a better foundation of health promotion internationally. However, the concept of health and health promotion has drastically changed since  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬1986. New research and supportive evidence has uncovered numerous health emergencies. These problems highlight the limitations of the Canadian public health infrastructure in addressing major public health concerns, proving that the system needsRead MoreThe Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 818 Words   |  3 PagesThe Ottawa Charter for health promotion is a document developed in 1986 by the W.H.O that aims at enabling, empowering and encouraging people to improve, and increase control over their own health. In relation to road safety, all five action areas are addressed through the introduction and availability of specific services to the public by all levels of government, NGO’s, the community and individuals. Developing Personal Skills Improving an individual’s knowledge and skills will result in themRead MoreThe Health Promotion Initiative Of The Ottawa Charter826 Words   |  4 PagesThe ‘Close the Gap’ campaign is a health promotion initiative that focuses on the lifestyle and decisions of indigenous people in Australia as well as explaining how the Australian government needs to focus on closing the gap of poor health between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. Through the ‘Close the Gap’ campaign it advocates the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter, which are of the following: Developing Personal Skills ‘Developing Personal Skills’ refers to the provision of informationRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol On Young People1510 Words   |  7 Pagesimprove their health is known as health promotion (5). Therefore, health is seen as a resource for everyday life and not the objective of living as it is the ability to identify and realise aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment to reach a complete physical, mental and social wellbeing (5). On the 21st of November, 1986 in Ottawa, the first International conference on Health Promotion was held. During this conference the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was producedRead MoreHealth Promotion for Alcohol3356 Words   |  14 PagesPOINT OF VIEW Young people and alcohol misuse: how can nurses use the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion? AUTHORS Bernadette Ward RN, Midwife, Grad Cert Ed, MPHandTM, MHlth Sci Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia. B.Ward@latrobe.edu.au Glenda Verrinder RN, Midwife, Grad Cert Higher Ed, Grad Dip Pub and Com Health, MHlth Sci Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia. ABSTRACT Alcohol misuse in AustraliaRead MoreMalaria2187 Words   |  9 PagesContents: 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 2. Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 i. Background of Ottawa charter for health promotion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 ii. Strategies for malaria control in Pakistan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 3. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 4. Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 5. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Introduction: Malaria is acute febrile illness caused by infectionRead MoreHealth Promotion : Theories And Models1660 Words   |  7 PagesHealth promotion utilises theories and models to guide practice. A theory is the general principles of a framework of ideas in regards to a particular topic. (Merriam-webster.com, 2016) A model is a set plan of action based on theoretical ideas to achieve a set goal. (Merriam-webster.com, 2016) The difference between a theory and a model is that a theory is related to evidence based knowledge and a model is built on this knowledge although it is presented as a process to reach certain targets. TheRead MoreDiarrhoea in Children under the Age of Five1163 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose of this report, based on the alarming statistics presented above. They are at risk both because their age means they have not got fully developed immune systems, and also because their personal hygiene practices are only just developing. A Health Promotion Tool designed to introduce students in the Prep year at IGGS to good hand washing practices was developed. This tool proved very effective in teaching the young students how to wash their hands properly. A 2004 paper on Acute Infectious DiarrhoeaRead MoreThe Implications of the Ottawa Charters Five Strands in Improving Access to Good Housing and Reduction to Houshold Crowding in New Zealand964 Words   |  4 PagesThe implications of the Ottawa Charters five strands in improving access to good housing and reduction in household crowding in New Zealand Introduction Shelter is a fundamental need for good health (WHO, 1986). Lack of access to warm, dry and affordable housing for many New Zealanders is an increasing concern (Baker, McDonald, Zhang, Howden-Chapman, 2013). This essay focuses on household crowding (HHC) as a specific determinant of health in New Zealand, looking at the population groups mostRead MoreDrugs And Alcohol Is Becoming A Common Matter Among Young Adolescents1614 Words   |  7 Pagesgroups, and they are becoming more and more self-reliant. (Dr. Bruce A. Epstein, author of â€Å"The Importance of Peer Pressure†) In addition adolescence years are typically a period of experimentation, regardless of parenting skills and influence (Better Health, 2016). Therefore, adolescent years are a time for big changes, which can leave them feeling vulnerable and at risk or in danger (Drinkingnightmare.gov.au, 2016). Many young individuals are influenced by peers, family and friendship groups and can

Summary Pearl Harbor - 808 Words

Blake Austin Mrs. Dennison Language Arts 11 6 December 2016 Pearl Harbor Gowrie, Iowa native, Orval Hasty needed money to attend college, so he joined the marines in 1940, he ended up earning this money after the war. He got assigned at Ford Island to guard In February 1941. Around the 450 acre island there were other vessels and battleships. Orval said, It was good duty. The climate was nice, we weren t overworked and it was fun, with regard to the Naval Air Station Ford Island. When not at work Orval attended flying lessons, visited shows, and hung out at beaches. Sleeping in on Sunday mornings was normal for Marines and Sailors not on duty. Orval got up early asking his parents about his driver’s license through the mail. Orval didn’t know what was about to happen. No one knew. Before dawn 183 Japanese bomber planes, torpedo planes and fighter planes took flight on their way to Pearl Harbor. Wave two came later. We didn t think much of them. With all the ships, we felt secure, Orval Hasty stated about Japan. Just before 8 in the morning, this statement changed. Orval heard planes from barracks so he went outside. There were explosions and gunfire. It was a furious deal. The sky was filled with planes, flames, smoke and dust, Orval said. He was scared, but he quickly joined the battle. I was too young to do much thinking, Orval added. Orval was ordered to distribute information about the attack to the officers. He got in a truck and headed off. Near theShow MoreRelatedBattle of Pearl Harbor975 Words   |  4 Pagesanalyzed Editors’ (2012) view of the causations of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the planning of the Japanese and U.S. military commanders on the attack of Pearl Harbor. Also, this paper will suggest that World War II started in Japan years before historians believe the war was initiated in Europe. Japan’s early aggression to its neighboring countries has s ignificant and critical causations of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Editors (2012) suggested that Japan was drawn to wage war with the U.SRead MoreThe Suprise Attack on Pearl Harbor1540 Words   |  7 PagesPlan of Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate how the attack on Pearl Harbor wasn’t a surprise to Roosevelt and the United States. The main body of evidence will investigate what events lead up to the attack, diplomatic relations between Japan and the U.S., and the resulting factors of the attack. Evidence will include eyewitness accounts and newly released top secret documents. Documents will be analyzed in regards to their value, origin, purpose, and limitation in orderRead MoreFarewell To Manzanar Summary923 Words   |  4 Pages Farewell to Manzanar Summary Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston is a Japanese-American writer. She is born in Inglewood, California, and studies sociology and journalism at San Jose State College. She is best known for her autobiographical novel Farewell to Manzanar which tells her own experiences of years living in Manzanar during World War II. At the beginning of the book, Jeanne tells her memory of the days before Japanese attack Pearl Harbor. After that event, America is officiallyRead MoreTo What Extent Was the U.S.s Involvement in the War between Japan and China which Caused Japan to Attack Pearl Harbor1370 Words   |  6 Pagescaused Japan to attack Pearl Harbor? A: Plan of Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to analyze the extent to which the USs economic sanction and trade embargo on Japan was responsible for the cause of Pearl Harbor which occurred in December 7, 1941. The analysis will inspect U.Ss role in the cause of Pearl Harbor as well as look at other reasons that contributed a role to the cause of Pearl Harbor. It will observe the effect of the Pearl Harbor on the U.S, as wellRead MoreJapanese Motivations for the Attack on Pearl Harbor1556 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment behind the air attack on Pearl Harbor? To assess these motivations, the significance of Pear Harbor, the result of the attack, the overall intentions of the Japanese government, as well as the relations with them and the United States are being identified and evaluated in this investigation. In addition, the attack itself must be evaluated to have a full understanding of the attack and its intention. B. Summary of Evidence The Japanese military strike on Pearl Harbor occurred on December 7th, 1941Read MoreFdr : A Protagonist Or Antagonist? Essay2098 Words   |  9 PagesFDR: A Protagonist or Antagonist? On December 7th, 1941, Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese forces. The very next day, Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed the United States Congress with his memorable speech including â€Å"a date which will live in infamy.† Next, I would like to bring focus to the rhetorical aspect of the main purpose and the relevance of FDR’s captivating speech. The speech that was held on December 8th. 1941 had two purposes. One was to urge Congress to formally declare war on JapanRead MoreThe Role the Media Played in Helping the United States Join World War II1142 Words   |  5 Pagesbe mentioned but only minor. Two of the sources used in this essay Freedom Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War Two by Arthur Herman and World War II in Europe by World Book: Chicago are evaluated and used in this essay. â€Æ' Summary of Evidence Propaganda Posters †¢ â€Å"Roosevelt thought that propaganda should tell the American people the truth and popular culture was seen to be inherently democratic as it was produced ‘by the people for the people’.† (Murray 142) †¢ â€Å"Women were alsoRead MoreJapan was better prepared for World War II2575 Words   |  11 Pagesthe world at the beginning of the Pacific War. (Evan and Peattie, p500) In its 1941 preparation for Pearl Harbor, Japanese naval technicians determined that their tactics lacked the accuracy in high altitude bombing desired for success in this operation. To correct this, the Japanese navy began by lowering their drop altitude to 10,000 feet which resulted in an 80 percent hit rate at Pearl Harbor. During prewar preparation, the Japanese also perfected their tactics in dive-bombing, torpedo attackRead MoreThe Battle of Midway Essay1928 Words   |  8 PagesAs the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 the United States officially entered World War Two. The Japanese government later learned later that this single event sets off an explosion that subsequently caused the United States to attack the Midway Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Pearl Harbor was one of the United States largest naval bases and the largest in the Pacific Ocean. This attack ceased all trade with Japan and officially added Japan as one of the US enemies. With a new worldRea d MoreBook Report (War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War)1886 Words   |  8 PagesJapan which constitute similarities in the belief of a superior race as well as illustrates contradictions on how each side viewed the war. The book begins with â€Å"Part I: Enemies† which is made up of the first 3 chapters. Part I starts off with a summary of the idea of a race war because of the race issues that erupted everywhere in World War II. Dower mentions that â€Å"apart from the genocide of the Jews, racism remains one of the great neglected subjects of World War Two.†(page 4) Dower swiftly narrows

Course Outline †General Principles of Management Free Essays

WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY IN AFRICA Addressing gender disparity and fostering equity in University Education FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURIAL STUDIES I. T. BSc MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (BM114) Course Outline for General Management Principles (BM114) Preamble A study of the General Management principles that seeks to equip students with the general management and managerial skills that will prepare them to be effective managers and entrepreneurs who can quickly adopt to new management situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Course Outline – General Principles of Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aims To equip students with modern general management principles. Objectives of the Course 1. To enable students to understand and appreciate the nature and scope of management. Course Content †¢ Management and Managers What is management? †¢ Team Building †¢ Managerial functions †¢ Types of managers †¢ Manager’s roles and skills †¢ Challenges for management in a Global Environment 2. 0 The Evolution of Management Theory †¢ Scientific Management Theory †¢ Administrative Management Theory †¢ Behavioural Management Theory †¢ Management Science Theory †¢ Organisational Environment Theory †¢ Total Quality Management †¢ Business Process Reengineering 3. 0 The Environment of Management Theory . 1 The Organisational Environment †¢ Task environment †¢ General environment †¢ Managing the organisational environment 3. 2 The Global Environment †¢ The changing global environment †¢ The global task environment †¢ The global general environment †¢ The colla pse of time and distance †¢ You and International Management †¢ Importance of understanding Cultural Differences 4. 0 Strategic Planning †¢ The manager as a planner strategist †¢ The planning process †¢ Determining the organisation’s mission and goals †¢ Formulation of strategy †¢ Planning and implementing strategy †¢ M. Porter’s Five forces model . 0 Organising †¢ Designing organisational structure †¢ Grouping tasks into jobs; job design, grouping jobs into functions †¢ Strategic alliances and network structure. †¢ Organisational control and culture (output, behavioural and organisational culture and clan control system) †¢ Strategic Human Resources Management †¢ Groups and group dynamics 6. 0 Leading †¢ Nature of leadership †¢ Trait and behaviour models of leadership †¢ Gender in Leadership †¢ Motivation and motivational theories †¢ Managers as a person (personality, attitu de, behaviour, perception, career development and stress management) . 0 Conflict Management †¢ Organisational conflict †¢ Organisational politics †¢ Change Management 8. 0 Managing Information Systems and Technologies †¢ MIS and Decision Making 9. 0 Managing Innovation, Product Development and Entrepreneurship †¢ Innovation, Technological change and competition †¢ Product Development †¢ Entrepreneurship Assessment †¢ Examination : Course work (30%) Assignments (10%) Class Tests (20%) End of year Examination 70% Recommended Textbooks 1. Business Management: A contemporary Compilation, Johannesburg: FVBC by Nieuwenhuizen C and Oosthuizen TFJ. 2012. 2. Introduction to Business Management 6th Edition Editors Cronje, Du Toit, Marcus, Motlatla. Oxford University Press 3. Management A Practical Introduction 3rd Edition by Angelo Kinicki and Brian K. Williams. McGraw Hill International 4. A Handbook to Human Resources Management Practice 10th Edition by Michael Armstrong. International Student Edition 5. Management Concepts and Practices 5th Edition by Tim Hannagan 6. Fundamentals of Management Essential Concepts and Application 6th Edition Pearson Productions by Stephen P Robbins, Sanghamitra Bhattacharyya, David A DeCenzo, Madhushree Nanda Agarwal. ———————– [pic] How to cite Course Outline – General Principles of Management, Papers

State Representative John B. Orr Jr. free essay sample

Throughout the Florida Capitol building, there are portraits or memorials commemorating virtually every political dignitary of the states past, including a caretaker governor who served merely three days. Nowhere on the premises, however, is there a tribute to the man who committed the most laudable act of political courage in Floridas history. That man is the late John B. Orr Jr. of Miami. In response to the Supreme Courts landmark 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling, Florida was one of many Southern states that attempted to forestall racial integration of its public school system. Amidst the 1956 gubernatorial elections, incumbent Florida Governor LeRoy Collins â€Å"quietly supported a committee to explore legal measures by which the state could fortify its system of segregated practices† (Winsboro). The committee, chaired by retired Circuit Judge L.L. Fabisinski of Pensacola, recommended â€Å"the strengthening of local school boards and the enhancement of the governors powers of law enforcement† in order to perpetuate segregation of Floridas educational institutions (Winsboro). Bearing in mind the Fabisinski Commissions analysis, Governor Collins drafted a package of bills, including a Pupil Assignment Act and a Private School Corporation Act, to circumvent the Supreme Courts Brown ruling. On July 26, 1956, Governor Collins proposed the Fabisinski Commission segregation bills during a special session of the state legislature. When the roll was called on the first of the bills to reach the House floor, 89 legislators, embracing Floridas discriminatory racial customs, voted â€Å"Aye.† Representative John B. Orr Jr. alone voted â€Å"Nay.† On a point of personal privilege, Orr addressed a hushed and tense chamber to justify his dissent. â€Å"I believe that segregation is morally wrong,† he professed. â€Å"I believe that second-class citizens are repugnant to democratic principles. The fact that the custom is of long standing makes it no less wrong.† Orr probed the roots of Floridas racial intolerance, asserting that â€Å"the pigmentation of ones skin is no rational basis for setting him apart,† and, alluding to the original text of the Fifteenth Amendment, â€Å"we are backed by our constitution, that we do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, or creed.† In addition to his ethical grievances, Orr censured his colleagues flagrant disrespect for the Supreme Courts Brown ruling and the broader principles of American law. â€Å"To defy the highest court in our land,† Orr introspected, â€Å"is unthinkable to me.† Echoing the Warren Courts unanimous opinion in Brown, Orr noted that Florida had â€Å"not provided equal but separate educational facilities and I dont believe this is possible. As a consequence of the disparity in educational facilities, we in the South have had over the years a large segment of our population which has been poorly educated.† Orrs subsequent revelation that he was a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) garnered perhaps the bitterest revulsion from his fellow legislators. The lone dissenter concluded his speech by quoting a prayer recited by the chaplain of the House two days earlier: â€Å"Help us, thus, to see that it is better to fail in a ju st cause that will ultimately succeed, than to succeed in an unrighteous cause that will ultimately fail.† Galvanized by the injustices of Floridas segregation tradition, Orr boldly advocated for equal academic facilities for an oppressed African-American minority. Just as John F. Kennedy admired the maverick independence of eight U.S. senators in Profiles in Courage, State Representative Orr epitomized â€Å"a politician conscientiously desiring †¦ ‘to push [his] skiff from the shore alone into a hostile and turbulent sea.† After his twenty minute tirade against the Fabisinski bills, Orr â€Å"received no applause† when he returned to his House seat (Boyles). Such silence was only a ripple in the torrential political and personal backlash Orr faced in the wake of his lone dissent. The following morning, Orrs aunt received a phone call threatening Orr and his family. A mob of white supremacists bearing torches trespassed onto Orrs property and burned a cross on his front lawn. In evaluating Orrs pro-integration stand, Florida newspapers lamented that the young Miamian was â€Å"washed up politically† and â€Å"alone – without friends – among his fellow legislators.† The Miami Herald queried: Would it not have been better for Orr to have ‘taken a walk at the time of the voting in the House of Representatives rather than develop increased animosity of the smaller counties against big Dade? Absenting ones self from a roll call vote may not be the bravest thing to do, but it is an old maneuver used by politicians who do not wish to be recorded voting on a particular issue. Orr could have â€Å"taken a walk† during this grueling trial of conscience. But he didnt. Miami-Dade voters responded no more favorably to Orrs audacious dissent. The young legislator was re-elected in 1956 only because the filing deadline had passed. Two years later, Orr lost to segregationist David Eldridge in the Democratic primary election. Like outspoken Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton, featured in Kennedys Profiles in Courage, State Representative Orr was â€Å"willing to meet crushing defeat rather than compromise his principles† because â€Å"his desire to win or maintain a reputation for integrity and courage was stronger than his desire to maintain his office† (Kennedy). Although Orr never achieved any political office higher than Miami-Dade County mayor, a part-time position with little influence, he continued to press for the gradual  ­integration of Floridas school system. Orrs political martyrdom sowed a seed for educational reform in Florida. That seed  ­finally germinated on the morning of Sept. 7, 1959, when â€Å"twenty-five African-American students stepped onto the grounds of Orchard Villa Elementary School and Air Base Elementary School,† marking the official end of segregation within the Miami-Dade County Public School system (Winsboro). In essence, Titles IV and VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 enabled federal enforcement of desegregation in Floridas remaining insubordinate school districts. After years of stalwart advocacy in the face of overwhelming opposition, Orr witnessed his just cause of racial integration ultimately succeed. BIBLIOGRAPHY Boyles, John L. â€Å"Legislator Berates Orr on House.† The Miami Herald 31 July 1956: 2A. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. Boyles, John L. â€Å"Orrs Family Threatened on Telephone Soon After Blistering Speech in House.† The Miami Herald 27 July 1956: 26A. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. â€Å"Dade Legislator Whos in NAACP Tells House ‘Segregation is Morally Wrong.† Tampa Morning Tribune 27 July 1956: n. pag. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. Dean, Clarence. â€Å"Vote Emphasizes Florida Changes.† The New York Times 8 Nov. 1956: 42. Microform. ProQuest Historical Newspapers (2006) Duke, Lynne. â€Å"How Big a Stretch?† The Washington Post 7 May 2007: C01. Web. 28 June 2010. Dyckman, Martin. â€Å"Few Have the Courage to Take a Stand Series.† Editorial. St. Petersburg Times 11 Jan. 2000, South Pinellas ed.: 11A. Print. Kennedy, John F. Profiles in Courage. 1956. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. Print. McDermott, John B. â€Å"Dade Politicians Ponder Orrs Position.† The Miami Herald 28 July 1956: 11A. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. McDermott, John B. â€Å"Orrs Stand Weakens His Usefulness.† The Miami Herald 29 July 1956: n. pag. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. â€Å"NAACP Member, Orr Says.† The Miami Herald 25 July 1956: n. pag. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. â€Å"Southerner with a Conscience.† Harper Magazine Oct. 1957: 18-20. Print. Taylor, Matt. â€Å"Jack Orr: Trail of Glory and Despair.† The Miami Herald 4 May 1969: 14C. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. Vecchione, Joe. â€Å"Bi-Racial Effort Suggested Here.† The Miami News 21 Sept. 1958: n. pag. Microform. MDPLS Florida Room. Winsboro, Irvin D.S. â€Å"An Historical Perspective on Public School Desegregation in Florida.† Florida Conference of Historians. Florida Gulf Coast University, 27 Feb. 2010. Web. 21 June 2010. .

President of the United States and President Barack Obama free essay sample

Valises It was New Years Eve and everyone was really happy for a new start. People were celebrating all around the world. But not everyone was the same though. A big party was being held in the White House. The most famous and rich people were there. Talking, drinking and eating the most delicious food ever made. They were definitely having a good time.President Barack Obama was eating his favorite meal which was obviously fried chicken. He was feeling good about himself because the party was turning great. Members of both political parties were there discussing their great ideas for the coming year. It was almost midnight and everyone was ready for their New Years Resolution. Since President Barack Obama was the host of the party he went first. Ladies and gentleman first of all I would like to thank you for Joining me this evening, he began this new year I will do whatever is in my hands to keep this country running, I will also be a better person and be more truthful with everyone in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on President of the United States and President Barack Obama or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He then thought of all those times he had failed, and how many people were suffering from his mistakes. He then passed the microphone to one of the members of the Republican Party. He said, This New Year I will be more positive and hopeful.Showing no hatred whatsoever to the President, even though he wished to vanish him from the world. Everyone seemed to have great Ideas for the coming year. They were really happy or thats what they showed. But like I said, not everyone was enjoying their New Years Eve. Somewhere else In the country a poor family was eating the leftovers from the day before. The poor man wished to provide his family better food but couldnt afford It. HIS New Years Resolution was, This New Year I will be smarted than to believe everything politicians say.

Work Values, Experience, And Job Satisfaction Among Government Workers In Singapore

Table of Contents Introduction Theoretical framework Evidences Key indicators Conclusion Works Cited Appendices Introduction Singapore public service has able people who the government pay wages to commensurate what their peers of integrity and ability are earning in the private sector. The government realised that if they paid the brightest and talented workers fractions of what they can earn in the private service, then public officials will not remain long in public service.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Work Values, Experience, And Job Satisfaction Among Government Workers In Singapore specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The idea is that underpaid government workers have ruined many states. Therefore, adequate pay is necessary for high standards of probity in political leaders and high officials. Consequently, work values, experience and job satisfaction among government workers of Singapore has always bee n high. O’Toole in his work, Ideal of Public Service, highlights the idea and ideal of public service motivation. The traditional approach to public service demonstrates that public service is an idea, and a worthy thing to do under prescribed behaviour to public officials. Contemporary public motivation approaches are relying on empirical research in discovering why people seek jobs, and remain in the public service (O’Toole 9). According to Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Politics, the idea and ideal of public service motivation is that civil servants should regard the interests of the whole society as being the guiding influence over all public decision-making. Public officials must set aside their personal, class or group interests purely out of perceived duty to serve the public. The duty of serving the community surpasses a commitment to family, tribe, or self. Aristotle notes that it would be unrealistic and impossible for a man, being a selfish a nimal to do that. However, as an ideal, it would have both inspirational and motivational force. Theoretical framework The notion that public officials have lower work values, experience, job satisfaction, and public service commitment in relation to their private sector counterparts are not matters of debate in Singapore. In Singapore, public service job satisfaction, work values, and experience are much alive in the spirit of doing the right thing with competitive rewards. Holzer and Callahan note that government agencies that have been the recipients of exemplary awards use various state-of-the-art techniques to reward their staff. Monetary rewards are necessary, but they are not the only motivator among public officials of Singapore. The country has managed to integrate human resources to its policies, plans and processes (Holzer and Callahan 98).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Lear n More According to job characteristics theory, employers who recognise qualities, regard their staff in high esteem, create purpose of work, opportunities for consultations on matters that impacts on the working lives of staff, are most likely to attract and retain motivated staffs. Singapore has improved work-management relations, communications, training to improve skills, and improved physical working environment. These factors serve to improve job performance and experience, and in return enhance employee motivation. Scholars have identified three levels of motivational bases in public service. The rational base motive focuses on processes such as policy formulation, commitment to programs and advocacy for special or private interests. The norm-based motive highlights issues regarding the desire to serve the citizens interest, loyalty to duty and government, and social equity. The affective motive drives civil servants through a motivational base of commitment to program from genuine conviction about its social importance and patriotism of benevolence. In references to these motives, Singapore government embarked on curbing corruption in order to promote the interest of the public. Singapore government has identified the modern strategic motivation tools which go beyond the traditional forms of motivations. The government identifies, recognises and applies dynamic systems of motivation to create a mission-driven team of performers. According to Farazmand, there are five high-road and visionary motivational forces that government use to motivate its workers (Farazmand 70). Governments create and instil a real purpose of public service among strategic persons. Singapore employs this approach through hunting of the best qualified people. Secondly, there is a promotion of trust with a promise of future career beyond the narrow view of careers. Public servants have opportunities of advancing their careers through training and further education for developmen t of advanced skills. Singapore government creates a sense of belonging among its public officials. This has enabled them to serve the nation as well as the course they believe in and cherish. Farazmand identifies the third element as maintaining a sound compensation system. This is both equitable and efficient in order to prevent public service brain drain and attract the most competent talents to the public service. This is what has created better job satisfaction and experience among public servants of Singapore. Their compensation structures compare to those of their peers in private sectors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Work Values, Experience, And Job Satisfaction Among Government Workers In Singapore specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fourth element of motivational forces aims at creating inter-organisational mobility and job rotation system that would enable the staffs to move freely without obstacl es. Public service administration systems aim to exploit this force to eliminate job monotony, and exploit wide varieties of existing skills among civil servants. Finally, there is a deliberate move by the government to keep developing and promoting knowledge and skill base among its workers. This enables civil servants to keep up-to-date and equipped with the cutting-edge knowledge they need to manage and perform better in the information age. Government achieves skills and knowledge development through seminars, in-service training programmes, workshops and conferences. Evidences There are fundamental features of public administration in Singapore which are enhancing work values, experience and job satisfaction among public officials. McClelland’s achievement motivation theory argues that challenging tasks might create achievement situations and elicit feelings of pleasure. Therefore, a worker may associate himself with strong achievement motivation. The idea of adopting ma cho-meritocracy based on merit and not patronage is driving the public service in Singapore. In Singapore, meritocracy includes the selection of both public officials and politicians on the basis of their achievement criteria. Ezra Vogel refers to meritocracy in Singapore as â€Å"macho-meritocracy†. This creates an aura of awe for the top leaders and provides a basis for discrediting less meritocratic opposition regardless of their beliefs. This awe has enabled the first generation of meritocratic impeccably honest leaders to establish public service in Singapore (Quah 5). Singapore public sector is competing with the private sector for the best talents. It is necessary to note that Singapore has no natural resources to depend upon. Therefore, its human resources are its most valuable resources. The country is relatively small with a population size of 4.9 million residents by the year 2009. The government has to compete with the private sector by employing three strategies. The government offers graduate scholarship to the best students in the cohort of school-leavers. These people return home to serve the country for a given period depending on the scholarship awarded. Lee Kuan comments that Singapore spectacular growth is as a result of the best mind put to handle the most crucial problems of the country.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the same time, this crop of leaders are the most able to develop what the country needs for development. Government of Singapore is constantly reviewing the salary package of public officials in order to prevent brain drain of talented civil servants to the private sector. In this regard, top civil servants’ salary is equally competitive to those of top earners in the private sector. This is in addition to their motivating, monetary rewards of a 13th salary and monthly allowances. Thirdly, Singapore increased the rate of promoting its civil servants together with salary revision. Public officials were resigning due to low pace of promotion. Officials get their final promotions in the rank at the age of 45 years instead of 50 years. Corruption was a problem in Singapore during the colonial period. However, when the PAP government assumed office in 1959, it embarked on dealing with corruption by enacting the Prevention of Corruption Act (POCA). According to Transparency Inte rnational reports, Singapore has been the least corrupt country among Asian countries since the year 1995 to 2009. Therefore, corruption is no longer a problem in modern Singapore because public servants see it as a high risk activity with low reward. Singapore has created favourably working environment to civil servants by relying on institutional and attitudinal administrative reforms. The PAP government inherited a civil service with colonial mentality. For instance, in the year 1960, the government created a ministry to deal with the issue of shortage of staff housing. The Political Study Centre serves to change the mindset of the senior civil servants where they attend evening classes to discuss problems facing Singapore. Singapore succeeded in reform implementations because of the public service strong cooperation and clear statement of reform objectives. Further, there has been a deliberate focus on institutional and attitudinal reforms, reliance on both comprehensive and inc remental strategies in administrative reform, and zero obstacles to administrative reforms. Singapore civil service (SCS) relies on statutory boards for implementation of socioeconomic development programmes. Civil servants have been instrumental in maintaining law and order, tax collection, and the provision of services to the citizens. The successes of these programmes have a general impact on staff morale and motivation. In this regard, job satisfactions among civil servants occur has a result of an outgrowth of achievement, recognition, challenging tasks, responsibilities and promotions. All these are creating satisfaction, positive feelings and improved performance among civil servants. Unlike other developing nations, Singapore civil service has been effective in implementations of public policies because of the massive support of the political leaders, reliance on meritocracy to recruit and promote civil servants, low levels of corruptions, strict disciplinary control in the SCS, reliance of computerization and information technology, and finally its relative small size. According to equity theory, the fundamental drive for job motivation is to create equity due to perceived degree of existing inequality. Singapore derives their job satisfaction and motivation values from improved service to the public. The SCS requires that civil servants provide services to the citizens swiftly, fairly, and without any discrimination. The government has introduced various measures to increase service delivery to the public with the focus on outcomes as motivational tools. For instance, there is a Central Complaints Bureau to handle public complaints against rude and incompetent civil servants. The idea of using policy diffusion has enhanced work values, job experience and satisfaction among government workers. When there is a problem, civil servants do not reinvent solutions because it is an expensive process. Rather, they rely on policy diffusion i.e. finding out how other states have handled the same problem to identify the most appropriate solution to the problem in Singapore. In any case, other countries have not handled such problems Singapore civil servants will formulate new solutions. For instances, they introduced electronic road pricing (ERP) to handle traffic jams, and thermal imaging scanners to handle the SARS epidemic in the year 2003. Key indicators According to the World Bank report of 1993, Singapore is a country people perceive to be highly bureaucratic but pays its public servants best in the Asian region. The aim of this compensation is to attract qualified personnel to the civil service, motivate them towards superior performance, and retain the talented civil servants (Christopher and Guy 34). Singapore government has been competing with the private sector for talent through its salary revisions. The growth in economy elicited a salary increment for civil servants to prevent loss of talent to the private sector. The governm ent established the National Wages Council (NWC) to formulate guidelines on wage policies, recommend yearly wage increments, and advice on incentives systems for improved job performance, efficiency and productivity. The government of Singapore implemented an investment scheme, INVEST plan to help new public officials to have smooth transit from the public service to into the next careers. At the same time, public officials in the retirement schemes receive additional pay every month. These schemes are flexible to public servants since they have the choice to stay or to opt out. Officers who leave the service do not forfeit their pay if they opt out before retirement age. In order to ensure the job security in the civil service, the government employs most of public officials on a permanent basis. Singapore government rarely uses the fixed-term contracts except in projects with the specific terms and skills requirements. This ensures that there is continuous availability of skills t o deliver service to the citizens. Citizens consider Singapore public servants as efficient, strategic, pragmatic and thorough. This is because the public service has shown improved service delivery to the public. Currently, there is an ongoing incorporation of IT in public service in order to deliver services effectively and efficiently. Government workers feel that the government provides a better training field for new employees. Conclusion Critics look at Singapore government philosophy of offering whatever salary necessary to attract and retain the talent the public service needs against work values, performances, experience and job satisfaction. The system has been effective in enhancing effective civil servants with the desire to serve the public. Salary revisions aim to catch up with those of private sector and make a career in the public sector more competitive and rewarding. Pay reviews are necessary in Singapore in order to maintain quality of public administration, which citizens expect from their government. The government recognises that maintaining work values, experience, and job satisfaction with the pay package to attract the best talent in public service is not enough. The government has embarked on deliberate efforts on trainings and seminars for civil servants in order to enhance their skills. In this regard, civil service has become attractive for potential recruits as a new training ground to match competitive, and meritocracy system of Singapore promotions. Future trends indicate that there will be connections between job performance and pay. The government continuously looks for new approaches of rewarding public servants in order to match their pays with those of their private sector counterparts. However, in doing this, government is cautious not to undermine values driving civil servants work values and job satisfactions. Works Cited Christopher, Hood and Peters Guy. Reward for High Public Office: Asian and Pacific-Rim states. Londo n: Routledge, 2003. Print. Farazmand, Ali. Strategic Public Personnel Administration: Building and Managing Human Capital for the 21st Century. London: Praeger, 2007. Print. Holzer, Marc and Kathe Callahan. Government at Work: Best Practices and Model Programs. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, 1998. Print. O’Toole, Barry. The Ideal of Public Service: Reflections on the Higher Civil Service in Britain. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2006. Print. Quah, Jon. Public Administration Singapore-Style: Research in Public Policy Analysis and Management. London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2010. Print. Appendices Table 1: Functions of Compensations Type of compensation Function Basic compensation To attract qualified candidates to the Civil Service Variable compensation To motivate civil servants towards superior performance Supplementary compensation To retain talented civil servants Table 2: Public Service Salary Revisions Economic growth in the calendar year Bonus mon ths pay 8% or more 2 months 5% (mid point of longer term growth potential of 4 to 6%) 1 month 2% or less 0 month Sources: Deputy Prime Minister BG (NS) Lee Hsien Loong, Civil Service NWC Award, Public Sector Salary Revisions and Review of Salary Benchmarks, Ministerial Statement on 29 June 2000 Table 3: Performance bonus Officers Performance bonuses Majority of civil servants Base rate of 0.5 months of salary Administrative Officers in Super scale C and above Average 5 months of salary Administrative Officers up to Super scale D1 Average 3 to 4 months of salary It is important to note that the pay structures are not made public to the citizens. This essay on Work Values, Experience, And Job Satisfaction Among Government Workers In Singapore was written and submitted by user Krystal Park to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.