Latin American Market Vs. U.S Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Latin American Market Vs. U.S Market - Essay Example The paper discusses the anticipated market positioning of the company in the U.S.A., Mexico and Latin America. The Volkswagen Group of Latin America is today regarded as the leading automobile company in Latin America (Seume, 2001). This is not the case in the United Sates where there is a lot of competition in the automobile industry. The public has perceived the Volkswagen passenger cars as powerful vehicles in Latin America and in the United States. However, Volkswagen currently does not boast of being a top brand in the U.S. market especially given that its brands have proven to be less reliable compared to those of competitors. The U.S. market largely demands products that are highly reliable with a touch of luxury. The U.S. market also places a lot of emphasis on quality. In consideration of the above, Volkswagen should do its best to assure its customers in the U.S. market of quality, reliability and moderate pricing. In Latin America and Mexico where the income per capita and disposable income of nationals is lower compared to the U.S. statistics (Kotabe & Leal, 2001), the company should position itself as an affordable alternative to beautiful cars. The company should thus price its products relatively lower than competitors taking caution to produce more compact cars in view of production costs. The Volkswagen group in Latin America has set new records as far as sales revenue, vehicle sales and earnings are concerned. The Volkswagen Company has expanded its market share in Latin America as its distribution network has become more robust. In the United States, the company should strive to double its market share; from two percent to four percent by 2014 (Seume, 2001). Volkswagen in the United States should expand its regional offices due to the predicted high sales. In the U.S., the car manufacturer needs to strengthen its relations with

Anthropocene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anthropocene - Essay Example uction as one of the many activities that human beings involve themselves in on earth has also contributed to the many changes that has been experienced on earth over the last 200 years. For example, in most construction, cement is always used. Studies have proved that the use of cement leads to omission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. A single tone of cement is believed to have the ability of producing a huge amount of carbon dioxide. Carbon emission is the highest contributor to global warming (Zalasiewicz, Williams, Smith, Barry, Coe, Bown & Stone, 2008). Over the last 200 years, it can be noticed that human construction activities have highly increased. There are more people undertaking construction using cement in the modern world as compared to 200 years ago. The mining of substances such as limestone for the manufacture of cement is also believed to have interfered with the earth’s topography in the last 200 years. A look at the places where mining of limestone tak es place will surely prove the effect of the mining to the land’s topography. There has been a great transformation of the earth’s surface over the last 200 years. Most of the cities that are well known in the modern world were not there some 200 years ago. In short, it can be said that cities and human settlements are the dominants of the landscape. All these are attributed to the construction activities that human beings have involved themselves in the last 200 years. In the process of building new cities and human settlements, it is evident that human beings were doing away with the natural vegetation that was covering the earth at that moment. Apart from the natural vegetation there were also the inhabitants of the natural vegetation who had to be displaced as a result of such developments (Smith & Zeder, 2013). The displaced animals had either to adapt to a new kind of life or end up being distinct. The clearing of natural vegetation has also led to an increase in global

The Reasons Behind Declining Reading Habits Essay Example for Free

The Reasons Behind Declining Reading Habits Essay To acquire the habitof reading is to construct for yourself a refuge from almost allmiseriesof life. † Reading habithas been a great help in developing knowledge. But today, in an age when browsing thenet, playing with funky handsets and passing non-stop SMS seem to be the order of the day. The internet boom, interactive medium of images, TV and thesilver screen fillingthe minds of the modern youth, taking majority of their free time we have to think seriously how the growing generationswill find time to read. While technology is taking control steadily over individuallives, the reading habitis fast vanishing into thin air. I used to sigh at the city librariespresenting a gloomy picture of gradual decline in voracious readers who used to flock in the evenings. Twenty reasons for decline in readinghabit 1) People think that readingbooks consumes more timethan referringin the computers. Computers seem to be more attractive tothem than books. 2) The question of spending money on books is over-ruled by the thought that everythingis available in acomputer. People prefer to spend money on something else than spending on books. The programs in internet and TV aremore attractive than sitting in acorner and readinga book. 4) With the modern life style visiting placesand other recreationsor hobbies occupy most of our time. 5) There are a thousand reasons today for avoiding readingbooks or literatures. Some even say that her new nail extensionshave made it too difficult to turn pages! 6) There are risks of losing books while carrying them. Moreover, why to carry a burden unnecessarily when there is a laptop available? 7) Now people are more worriedabout earning money and spending every second in finding ways to find sources of income.

The Grammar Translation Method In FLT

The Grammar Translation Method In FLT Lets look at one of the classical teaching methods in the theory of foreign language teaching. The grammar-translation method, also called the GT method, is one of these traditional language teaching methods that consist primarily of a sequence of classroom activities that focus on the grammar, vocabulary, and literature of a target language. This method requires students to translate the whole text, word for word, and memorize numerous grammatical rules and exceptions as well as enormous vocabulary lists. We could say the goal of the GT method is to be able to read and translate typical modern novels as well as literary masterpieces and classics. In GT method, classes are conducted in the native language. Instructors tend to teach from textbooks that begin with an enormous list of vocabularies for students to memorize. And Grammar lessons are also taught from the texts presented in textbooks. For you guys, this might sound new, but tedious translation and grammar drills are used as exercises to strengthen the students knowledge. We can see the skill dominantly exercised in this method is reading, but only in the context of translation. Q2You wouldnt find it surprising that there are many criticisms against this method, as the method by definition, has a very limited scope of objectives. It also appears that GT method hugely favors reading over listening and speaking skills, to an extent that they are forgetting to teach speaking. Without opportunities to practice their speaking, students are missing out on an opportunity to learn the language fluently. I mean, it lacks the spontaneous creative output Q3its like saying the best students are the ones that can translate most precisely. But whats the point if they arent learning how to communicate? Not only is the focus of the class too narrow, but the materials taught in classes are also very limited. The study into the culture of the target language is strictly limited to its literature and fine arts, because that is the only text used in the class. The overly traditional role of the teacher is another component of this method that is criticized. In the classroom, the teacher is the ultimate authority, with little or no student-to-student interaction, and he or she is always the one who gives out the correct answer. Having the correct answer is considered very important, and in many cases, students who give the wrong answers are scolded by the teacher. How would you feel if I reprimanded you for getting a question wrong? You would probably be discouraged and wouldnt want to try next time, right? Ultimately, due to excessive reliance solely on textbooks, the materials taught in class might not even require a teacher; um the role of the teacher is strictly limited to the extent that theres barely any interaction between a student and a teacher. Q4Additionally, the translation exercises and practice tests the students are given, are clearly just for practice purposes, and thus rarely ever used in real life. The materials taught do not state how written style of language differs from the colloquial language, which is another problem of depending on a written text. Therefore, it lacks authenticity, lacking usefulness in real life, and doesnt prepare the students efficiently enough for real-life usage of the language. Theorists such as Vietor, Passy, Berlitz, and Jespersen began to shed light on the problems of the grammar translation method and suggested that a new kind of foreign language instruction was needed. They supported teaching the language in a slightly different way from the GT methodQ5they have not only focused on the text, but also emphasized the importance of speech. Johnson, one of the many critics of teaching methods, said that the GT method can give foreign language students a total loss of genuine feeling for the language. Okay, so although the GT method carries much criticism along with it, it is also important to acknowledge some of the positive aspects of this method. For example, the great emphasis made on the grammar and vocabulary of the target language will strengthen the students reading and writing skills extensively. Also, by reading and appreciating foreign literature, they can become better at analyzing and will become more intellectual thinkers. Translation exercises, grammar practices, and vocabulary memorization can all provide the students with good mental exercises and make the form of the target language more familiar to the learner. Plus, language learning through speaking comes at a high cost as it requires more teaching time. Its much easier for students to study reading by themselves than speaking. Q6However, ultimately, the GT method has proven to be ineffective nowadays, and many teachers are avoiding this traditional method. Next class, we will look at another traditional method of foreign language teaching: the audio-lingual method. 11

Rauschenbusch: A Man Ahead of His Time :: essays research papers

Rauschenbusch: A Man Ahead of His Time â€Å"Theology is the esoteric thought of the Church.† (WR 15) What is meant by this is that theology is a part of the Church that is very mysterious and confusing to most laymen. Rauschenbusch has introduced many new ideas into the theological point of view. Rauschenbusch tries to explain that the social gospel is here to help people pull more from theology than just jargon that they don’t understand. One of Rauschenbuch’s main points throughout his book A Theology for the Social Gospel is that man uses the thought of Adam being responsible for original sin and therefore everyone is born into sin. Jonathan Kozol, the author of Amazing Grace, went to the impoverished city of Mott Haven to observe the motivation of the citizens amidst a town where sin is around every street corner. He examined the meaning of life and the little opportunity the citizens of Mott Haven had to escape their unfortunate circumstances. Through Walter Rauschenbusch’s A Theology for the Social Gospel one can find the answers to the questions of sin and the heavy presence of sin. The excuse of using Adam as a reason to rid men of their responsibilities is one of the biggest mistakes theologians make, but Rauschenbusch has tried to set things straight by pointing out that those sinful behaviors are learned through your lifestyle and surroundings. Rauschenbusch has introduced many new ideas into the theological point of view. He still uses many of the same ideas of the â€Å"old theology†, but has just made some important changes to add his own thoughts on what theology should be about and how it should be used to influence people’s daily lives throughout the world. Rauschenbusch says, â€Å"Theology is not superior to the gospel. It exists to aid the preaching of salvation. Its business is to make the essential facts and principles of Christianity so simple and clear†¦that all who preach or teach the gospel†¦can draw on its stores and deliver a complete and unclouded Christian message. When the progress of humanity creates new tasks†¦or new problems†¦theology must connect these old fundamentals of our faith and make them Christian tasks and problems.† (WR 6) He is saying that basically the social gospel is an aid to help people understand what their salvation is and how to achieve salvation, but while doing this not using complicated jargon to confuse the laymen.

Alan Freed:History Of Rock Music Essay -- essays research papers

Alan Freed Alan Freed was born December 16, 1922 in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. He was considered the most the most famous Disc Jockey(DJ) in rock 'n roll history, however, controversy encircled the man and he recieved lots of criticism especially from white adults during his career. I think that Alan Freed greatly helped shape the sound of music today and further advanced the progression of rock music. He is the person who coined the term "Rock & Roll" and also put up with a lot of nonsense regarding the term. At the time "Rock & Roll" was an urban african american term for sex, I think Alan realized that the popular white culture would be turned off by the term R&B, which was mainly associated with black artists, so he decided to give it a different name and expose that style of music to the general public. His radio name and nickname was "Moondog". These were also the names of his non-segregated concerts in which black and white teenagers came to listen to good rock & roll regardless of the singer's color. Moondog Balls were very popular and drew much criticism from white parents. At the first Moondog Ball over 25,000 kids, mostly white, showed up in the March of 1925 in Cleveland. I believe that what Freed did was good as far as opening people up to racially diverse music and not really listening to what the media ...

cognitive impairment :: essays research papers

A cognitive impairment means there is a change in how a person thinks, reacts to emotions, or behaves. What is going on in the body? A person can be born with a cognitive impairment. In this case, it is usually termed mental retardation. It may result from a birth injury, such as a lack of oxygen. It may also result from a defect as the baby was formed. A cognitive impairment also may occur later in life, following an injury or as part of a disease. What are the signs and symptoms of the condition? A cognitive impairment interferes with the body's normal function. The change may be minor and have little or no impact on a person's daily functioning. In other cases, the impairment may be obvious. A cognitive impairment can range from mild memory problems to exaggerated emotional reactions. It can also entail the complete inability to think independently. What are the causes and risks of the condition? A cognitive impairment may be present when a child is born, which is known as mental retardation. It may also be the result of:  · abuse of prescription medicines, chemicals, street drugs, or alcohol  · a disease, such as Alzheimer disease  · a side effect of some medicines  · a trauma such as head injury Frail, elderly people who are removed from a familiar setting often develop cognitive problems. This may occur when they go to a hospital because of illness or when they are moved to a nursing home. Depending on the cause, cognitive impairments may be temporary or permanent. What can be done to prevent the condition? Cognitive impairment can occur at any age and cannot always be prevented. However, the following measures may be helpful:  · avoiding illegal drugs  · drinking alcohol in moderation or not at all  · following sports safety guidelines for children, adolescents, and adults  · obtaining prenatal care during pregnancy  · using medicines only as directed How is the condition diagnosed? In some cases, mental retardation can be diagnosed at birth. An infant with Down syndrome, for example, is often identified by characteristic features. The diagnosis is confirmed with a chromosome analysis. Other tests used to diagnose cognitive impairments include:  · cognitive testing, which provides information about the individual's memory and thinking skills  · cranial CT scan  · cranial MRI  · spinal tap What are the long-term effects of the condition? A person with cognitive impairment can often live a nearly normal life.

Civil Rights Movement 1960s

The Civil Rights Movement in the USA in the 1950s and 1960s Research Task – Report Blake Walker Year 11 Modern History Malcolm X Investigate the life and background of the individual/group Malcolm X was born on the 19th May, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, by the name of Malcolm Little. Malcolm was one of eight children to Louise Norton Little who was an attentive busy housewife. His father, Earl Little who was an abrupt Baptist Minister and was also a strong supporter of Marcus Garvey, leader of the Black Nationalism movement.Whilst growing up he was a focused intelligent individual with determination to pursue a career path in Law, which was frowned upon for African Americans to pursue. In Junior High Malcolm graduated at the top of his class proving his perseverance and strong sense of self and direction, but when one of Malcolm’s favourite teacher’s discouraged him by stating that â€Å"His dream of becoming a lawyer was no realistic goal for a nigger†, Malco lm lost all sense of direction, sending him into a downward spiral eventually resulting in his lack of interest towards education and finally, his departure from school.The death of his father sent him into a further downward spiral which began his questioning into the issues relating to racism due to his father’s death, as the victim of a prejudice White Supremacist group known as the Klu Klux Klan. He then began a life in Boston, Massachusetts where he would work various odd jobs for little money, until he turned to a life of crime where he moved to the slums of New York. Malcolm eventually became a leader of various gambling and prostitution rings as well as a distributor of narcotics. In 1946 Malcolm was arrested and charged with burglary charges and was convicted to 10 years imprisonment.Whilst he was in prison, he decided to further his education and as a result, Malcolm came to a valuable point in his life where he became fascinated by the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, a valued prominent teacher of the Nation of Islam religion. Describe the significance of the individual/group to civil rights issues in the USA Malcolm X was an immensely significant individual to the civil rights movement as Malcolm soon rose to becoming the most prominent national spokesman of the â€Å"Black Power† movement, as he specifically worked to spread he political and religious goals of the Nation of Islam on a wide scale. Malcolm acted as an Inspiration proving that African Americans can rise up from the hardship and deprivation and stand up for what they believe in regardless of how much cruel discrimination and neglection you may receive. Continuously over the years of the movement, he encouraged young African Americans to support the initiative through powerful speaking and his remarkable debating skills which enabled him to succeed in recruiting over 30,000 young African Americans.They were enticed by the ideology that in order to achieve freedom, you have t o fight for it and that was the only way to achieve this. This view amongst African Americans (especially younger generations) was extremely popular. It promised to battle racism directly which to most, many thought this view would achieve the goals of the movement over a shorter time span and would be far more effective than the non violent initiatives used by individuals such as Martin Luther King which proved to become less effective over the years.Many believed that this was the only hope of achieving rights for African Americans and reinforces how Malcolm X played such a significant role in the Civil Rights Movement as he offered hope to the African Americans which were an alternative to the slow, ineffective non violent demonstrations. This provided them with an opportunity to stand up for themselves as individuals and African Americans as a nation, securing a better future for the African American in all areas of life.Outline the individual/groups beliefs and ideas and explai n the forces that shaped their attitudes towards civil rights at this time Due to Malcolm X’s religious beliefs being a devout follower of the Nation of Islam, the teachings of Honourable Elijah Muhammad become the foundation of the Black Nationalist Philosophy and Malcolm’s beliefs, which were reaching supremacy over whites by achieving political and economic power as well as improved working conditions for African Americans.Malcolm X also believed in the goal of achieving a separate state for African Americans through pursuing self-determination (which is an individual’s right to exercise the control they have over their own lives and determine their destiny). Although, the majority of the Islamic scriptures and teachings were non-racist, the Nation of Islam believed in racist teachings depicting that the whites as ‘devils’ who needed to be destroyed to empower Black Rule. Due to this perception of Whites, Malcolm did not want a Nation where the w hite an could interact with the darker man, but he encouraged segregation amongst Americans. In order to contest the brutal uphill battle they were fighting, Malcolm believed African Americans needed to become militant and aggressive action in order to overcome racism, otherwise there was no point fighting because in order to achieve freedom, you have to fight for it. This view was adapted because of the brutality demonstrated against African Americans and it was necessary as a act of self defence, as Malcolm X states: â€Å"I don’t go along with any kind of non violence unless everybody’s going to be non violent.If they make the Ku Klux Klan non-violent, I’ll be non violent. † (Retrospective Year 11 Modern History Pg 140 Source 7. 18 lines 1-2). These beliefs and ideology held by Malcolm X, were derived from the Nation of Islam which varied from other Muslim beliefs and were adapted by Elijah Muhammad to combat the discrimination and improve the conditio ns and rights of the African American individual and due to Malcolm’s stern stringent followings of the religion, Malcolm followed them and endeavoured to spread the beliefs of the religion to whoever was willing to listen.Malcolm’s beliefs towards segregation were shaped by his father’s beliefs which where instilled in Malcolm from a young age. Soon after Malcolm separated from the Nation of Islam, his beliefs changed when he visited Mecca, a city considered by Muslims to be the holiest city of Islam. His views which he stood by so passionately, he found soon became outdated and idealistic, which enabled him to see that regardless of skin complexion, people of all colour could have different opinions and not all whites were against African Americans and their movement.Malcolm began to work with white people who wanted to join his cause of ending discrimination and gaining more rights by helping his newly found organization, Muslim Mosque Inc, that’s purp ose aimed to achieve goals for the Black community. Identify and account for differing historical perspectives and interpretations of the individual/group concerned As do with majority of all prominent historical figures, there are differing historical perspectives and interpretations of Malcolm X and the cause he righteously represented.The differing perspectives of Malcolm X are regarding his methods of demonstrating the goals of the movement which to some communicated different messages, often ignoring the intended message. For many, Malcolm X was seen as a great leader of the Civil Rights Movement with a vision, a remarkable Inspiration that uplifted a nation. To others, Malcolm was a careless renegade who used vicious tactics and some speculate by arguing both. Though it has been exactly 47 years since he drew his last breath at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, Malcolm X’s life and legacy continues to affect many in the Harlem and Columbia Communities. His namesake street , Malcolm X Boulevard, lies at the centre of stores, and homes of West Harlem and he still serves as a cultural anchor and political and moral inspiration with enduring power and direct relevance in modern America and throughout the world† (http://www. columbiaspectator. com/2012/02/24/malcolm-x).This perception given by Emily Neil, a Senior Staff Writer at the Columbia Spectator is a prime example of the positive perceptions held in regards to his courageous decisions standing up for his people which in result have shaped our society today. On the other hand, some argue that Malcolm X was a radical individual whose beliefs were outrageous and sinister due to his militant methods and beliefs regarding supremacy over whites. These perceptions have been outweighed by the result of Malcolm X’s contribution to the Civil Rights Movement.Malcolm X’s general perception in history has led to him being been remembered as one of the greatest and most influential individual ’s of the Civil Rights Movement and African Americans in history. Bibliography Author: Unknown. Year: Unknown, Title: Biography [Internet] Place of Publication: Estate Of Malcolm X, Accessed: 16th March 2012, Publisher: http://www. malcolmx. comAvailable From: http://www. malcolmx. com/about/bio. html Author: Unknown. Year: 2001, Title: Malcolm X [Internet] Place of Publication:Biography Recourse Centre: Gale Group, Accessed: 16th March 2012, Publisher: www. fricawithin. com Available From: www. africawithin. com/bios/malcolm_x. htm Author: J. D. Scrimgeour. Year: 1997, Title: About Malcolm X [Internet] Place of Publication: The Oxford Companion to African American Literature, Accessed: 16th March 2012, Publisher: www. africawithin. com Available From: http://www. english. illinois. edu/maps/poets/s_z/smith/malcolmx. htm Author: A, Enisuoh. Year: 1993, Title: The Life and Legacy of Malcolm X [Internet] Place of Publication: Online Publications, Accessed: 19th March 2012, Publ isher: http://www. ocialistalternative. org/ Available From: http://www. socialistalternative. org/literature/malcolmx/ Author: E, Neil. Year: 2012, Title: Malcolm X [Internet] Place of Publication: The Columbia Spectator, Accessed: 21st March 2012, Publisher: http://www. columbiaspectator. com Available From: http://www. columbiaspectator. com/2012/02/24/malcolm-x Authors: M, Anderson, A, Low and I,Keese. Year: 2008. Title: Retrospective Year 11 Modern History. Pubisher: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. Place of Publication: Queensland. Page Numbers 138 – 140.

The Firestone Tire Controversy

In May 2000, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the United States issued a letter to the Ford Motor Co. and Firestone Inc. asking for information about the high incidence of tire failures on the Ford Explorer Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs). During July, Ford analyzed the data on tire failures. The analysis revealed that Firestone Radial 15 inch ATX and ATX II tires produced in North America and Wilderness AT tires produced at Decatur, Illinois Plant had very high failure rates with the treads peeling off.When the tires failed, the vehicle often rolled over and killed the occupants. Firestone amid concerns over tread separation, accidents, injury and death announced a voluntary recall of all Radial ATX and ATX II and Wilderness AT tires. Around 6. 5 million tires were recalled. These tires were original equipment on certain Ford Explorer SUVs, Mercury Mountaineer, Ford Ranger pick up trucks and Mazda Navajo and B-series pick up trucks. The Firestone tire reca ll was perhaps the biggest auto safety crisis in the US history.NHTSA put the death figure in February 2001 at 174 which has risen from 101 deaths reported in September 2000. However, analysts felt that there were as many as 250 deaths and more than 3000 injuries associated with the defective tires. Most of the deaths occurred in accidents involving the Ford Explorer and the victims and their families filed hundreds of lawsuits. In May 2001, Firestone announced that it was severing its ties with Ford and alleged that the problems in the Ford Explorer caused 174 deaths.Firestone alleged that Ford was trying to divert attention from the problems with Explorer. Ford and Firestone seemed to have known about the flaws in the tires for almost a year prior to the recall but it wasn't until NHTSA launched a preliminary investigation that Firestone announced a voluntary recall. Questions were raised about how Ford and Firestone responded to the first evidence of tire problems. Ford officials said that the issue first surfaced in Saudi Arabia, where drivers were prone to deflate their tires for better traction while driving in the desert sand.When they returned to hard pavement, they failed to reinflate the tires and the combination of low pressure and extreme climate led to tire disintegration. Ford replaced the tires on some 45,000 vehicles in the Middle East and in several other countries with extreme temperatures. NHTSA officials felt that Explorers were too heavy for the 15-inch tires. However, there was no definitive evidence to indicate that Ford's design specification for Explorer's tires was to blame.A lawyer representing some of the victims said, â€Å"There are a lot of smoke and mirrors going on, Ford can say it's Firestone's fault, and Firestone can say it's Ford's fault. â€Å"5 John Lampe, Executive vice president, Firestone, said that Firestone would replace any tires found to be unsafe. Susan Sizemore, public relations manager at Bridgestone's US head quarters in Nashville said, â€Å"This is not a recall. It's a customer satisfaction initiative. If necessary, we are replacing those tires with either our tires or a competitor's. Firestone alleged that Ford Explorer without Firestone tires were still experiencing rollover problems. Officials conceded that some of the Firestone tires involved in the recall were apparently world class tires and did not appear to have safety problems but said the tires needed to be included in the recall because of loss of customer confidence in the Firestone tires. The committee investigating the case after hearing from both sides said that there was a need for further analysis by an independent source such as NHTSA about both the Explorer and the tires.In 2001, Firestone announced that it would shut down one of its US plants, which could be its Decatur, Illinois, plant by no later than December 31, 2001. This would eliminate some 1, 500 jobs. Bridgestone recorded a net loss of $ 250. 3 million for the first half of 2001 because of the tire recall. In the first half of 2000, Bridgestone recorded a net profit of 18. 90 billion yen. An extraordinary loss of $ 570 million taken by Firestone in June 2001 to pay lawsuits and clear up other costs related to the tire recall was the main reason behind the loss.Company sourced said that they would try to revive their North American operations by shifting focus to the Bridgestone brand. Shigeo Watanabe, president of Bridgestone said, â€Å"I don't think the Firestone brand will disappear, but the Bridgestone brand will grow. † The recall of 6. 5 million Firestone tires on the Ford Explorer in August 2000 cost Ford about $ 500 million. Explorer sales had plunged 21% in 2001. The company's earnings were expected to sink by 65% in 2001. Ford's share of the US automobile market had fallen by 1. 7 percentage points in 2001 to 23. 1%.Officials at Ford felt that the future of Ford (Explorer) would depend on how customers responded to F ord's reaction to the crisis. One official said, â€Å"My message to consumers is, if you don't think we have behaved in the way the world's leading consumer company should behave, then tell us, because we want to earn that loyalty and respect. â€Å"7 Commenting on Ford's future relationship with Firestone, that official said, â€Å"Given the importance of the relationship between tires and vehicle safety, and the importance of brand perception, how can you put Firestone tires on the new Explorer that comes out next year? â€Å"

The Importance of Leadership in the Organizatio

In every organization, whether small or large-scale, there is an unambiguous need for a leader. This leader is usually the owner or manager of the business but in some instances may also be an employee who possesses the ability to influence the actions of his or her co-workers. Effective leadership generally makes for a successful business organization. Conversely, the absence of, or ineffective use of leadership can have dire consequences on the organization for without leadership, organizations may move too slowly, stagnate, or lose their way. Leadership is defined as â€Å"the process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement† (Stogdill, 1950, p. 3). Hogan et al (1994) posit that leadership is persuasion not domination, and so true leadership only occurs when others willingly adopt the goals of a group as their own. In a group setting, the individuals who make up the group all have different experiences, values, beliefs and needs. As such, they all have unique views of the world and will support differing ideas. The role of the leader in these instances is to point the individuals of the group in the same direction and harness their efforts jointly. The leader must ensure that each member of the group has an equal opportunity to express their thoughts and ideas. Therefore, a successful and effective leader must be patient and open-minded. If employees perceive that the leader is being unfair or biased, conflict will arise as they (the employees) react to the perceived injustices. It is important to note that the positions of manager and leader are entirely different. Leaders develop visions and drive changes while managers monitor progress and solve problems (Zalenik, 1977). However, sound leadership is a key skill which all managers should possess. A manager can not effectively perform his duties without the ability to lead the individuals in the organization. A leader must be someone respected and looked up to by those in the organization. Thus, the employees will freely follow the path charted by the leader in order to achieve organizational goals. Moreover, a well-liked leader usually means that employees are satisfied with their job environment and are therefore more motivated and determined to see a task or project through to the end. Employees who feel appreciated in the organization usually display a higher quality of work and also higher levels of productivity are also associated with workers who favour their leader. On the other hand, ineffective leadership can result in reduced motivation and dissatisfaction of employees. Unclearly defined goals and an unsatisfactory work environment, symptoms of improper leadership result in frustrated workers which will eventually result in workers exiting the workplace or neglecting their duties. As a result the output efficiency of the organization suffers and its yield will decline.

Crazy horse essays

Crazy horse essays Crazy Horse When I think back of the stories that I have heard about howthe Native American Indians were driven from their land andforced to live on the reservations one particular event comes tomy mind. That event is the Battle of the Little Big Horn. It isone of the few times that the Oglala Sioux made history with thembeing the ones who left the battlefield as winners. When storiesare told, or when the media dares to tamper with history, it isusually the American Indians who are looked upon as the bad guys.They are portrayed as savages who spent their time raiding wagontrains and scalping the white settlers just for fun. The mediahas lead us to believe that the American government was forced totake the land from these savage Indians. We should put the blamewhere it belongs, on the U.S. Government who lied, cheated, andstole from the Oglala forcing Crazy Horse, the great war chief,and many other leaders to surrender their nation in order to savethe lives of their people. In the nin eteenth century the most dominant nation in thewestern plains was the Sioux Nation. This nation was divided intoseven tribes: Oglala's, Brule', Minneconjou, Hunkpapa, No Bow,Two Kettle, and the Blackfoot. Of these tribes they had differentband. The Hunkpatila was one band of the Oglala's . One of the greatest war chiefs of all times came from thisband. His name was Crazy Horse. Crazy Horse was not given this name, on his birth date inthe fall of 1841. He was born of his father, Crazy Horse anOglala holy man, and his mother a sister of a Brule' warrior,Spotted Tail. As the boy grew older his hair was wavy so his people gave him the nickname of Curly . He was togo by Curly until the summer of 1858, after a battle with theArapaho's. Curly's brave charged against the Arapaho's led hisfather to give Curly the name Crazy Horse. This was the name ofhis father and of many fathers before him . In the 1850's, the country where the Sioux Nation lived, wasbeing invaded...

The Black Codes and Why They Matter Today

The Black Codes and Why They Matter Today It’s hard to understand why African Americans are incarcerated at higher rates than other groups without knowing what the black codes were. These restrictive and discriminatory laws criminalized blacks after slavery and set the stage for Jim Crow. They are also directly linked to today’s prison industrial complex. Given this, a better grasp of the Black Codes and their relationship to the 13th Amendment provides a historical context for racial profiling, police brutality, and uneven criminal sentencing. For far too long, blacks have been dogged by the stereotype that they’re inherently prone to criminality. The institution of slavery and the Black Codes that followed reveal how the state essentially penalized African Americans just for existing. Slavery Ended, but Blacks Weren’t Truly Free During Reconstruction, the period that followed the Civil War, African Americans in the South continued to have work arrangements and living conditions nearly indistinguishable from those they had during slavery. Because the cost of cotton was so high at this time, planters decided to develop a labor system that mirrored servitude. According to America’s History to 1877, Vol. 1: â€Å"On paper, emancipation had cost the slave owners about $3 billion - the value of their capital investment in former slaves - a sum that equaled nearly three-fourths of the nation’s economic production in 1860. The real losses of planters, however, depended on whether they lost control of their former slaves. Planters attempted to reestablish that control and to substitute low wages for the food, clothing, and shelter that their slaves had previously received. They also refused to sell or rent land to blacks, hoping to force them to work for low wages.† The enactment of the 13th Amendment only amplified the challenges of African Americans during Reconstruction. Passed in 1865, this amendment ended the slave economy, but it also included a provision that would make it in the South’s best interest to arrest and imprison blacks. That’s because the amendment prohibited slavery and servitude, â€Å"except as a punishment for crime.† This provision gave way to the Black Codes, which replaced the Slave Codes, and were passed throughout the South the same year as the 13th Amendment. The codes heavily infringed on the rights of blacks and, like low wages, functioned to trap them in a slave-like existence. The codes were not the same in every state but overlapped in a number of ways. For one, they all mandated that blacks without jobs could be arrested for vagrancy. The Mississippi Black Codes in particular penalized blacks for being â€Å"wanton in conduct or speech, neglect[ing] job or family, handl[ing] money carelessly, and ...all other idle and disorderly persons.† How exactly does a police officer decide how well a person handles money or if he’s wanton in conduct? Clearly, many of the behaviors punishable under the Black Codes were completely subjective. But their subjective nature made it easier to arrest and round up African Americans. In fact, a variety of states concluded that there were certain crimes for which only blacks could be â€Å"duly convicted,† according to The Angela Y. Davis Reader. Therefore, the argument that the criminal justice system works differently for whites and blacks can be traced back to the 1860s. And before the Black Codes criminalized African Americans, the legal system deemed runaway slaves fugitives for stealing property - themselves!   Fines, Forced Labor, and the Black Codes Violating one of the Black Codes required offenders to pay fines. Since many African Americans were paid low wages during Reconstruction or denied employment at all, coming up with the money for these fees all too often proved impossible. Inability to pay meant that the county court could hire out African Americans to employers until they worked off their balances. Blacks who found themselves in this unfortunate predicament usually did such labor in a slavery-like environment. The state determined when offenders worked, for how long and what kind of work was performed. More often than not, African Americans were required to perform agricultural labor, just as they had during slavery. Because licenses were required for offenders to perform skilled labor, few did. With these restrictions, blacks had little chance to learn a trade and move up the economic ladder once their fines were settled. And they could not simply refuse to work off their debts, as that would lead to a vagrancy charge, resulting in more fees and forced labor. Under the Black Codes, all African Americans, convicts or not, were subject to curfews set by their local governments. Even their day-to-day movements were heavily dictated by the state. Black farm workers were required to carry passes from their employers, and meetings blacks took part in were overseen by local officials. This even applied to worship services. In addition, if a black person wanted to live in town, they had to have a white sponsor. Any African Americans who skirted the Black Codes would be subject to fines and labor. In short, in all areas of life, blacks lived as second class citizens. They were emancipated on paper but certainly not in real life. A civil rights bill passed by Congress in 1866 sought to give African Americans more rights. The bill, for example, permitted them to own or rent property, but it stopped short of giving blacks the right to vote. It did, however, allow them to make contracts and bring their cases before courts. It also enabled federal officials to sue those who violated the civil rights of African Americans. But blacks never reaped the benefits of the bill because President Andrew Johnson vetoed it.   While the president’s decision dashed the hopes of African Americans, their hopes were renewed when the 14th Amendment was enacted. This legislation gave blacks even more rights than the Civil Rights Act of 1966 did. It declared them and anyone born in the United States to be citizens. Although it did not guarantee blacks the right to vote, it  gave them â€Å"equal protection of the laws.† The 15th Amendment, passed in 1870, would give blacks suffrage. The End of the Black Codes By the end of the 1860s, many Southern states repealed the Black Codes and shifted their economic focus away from cotton farming and onto manufacturing. They built schools, hospitals, infrastructure and asylums for orphans and the mentally ill. Although the lives of African Americans were no longer dictated by the Black Codes, they lived separately from whites, with fewer resources for their schools and communities. They also faced intimidation by white supremacist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan when they exercised their right to vote. The economic woes blacks faced led to an increasing number of them to be incarcerated. That’s because more penitentiaries in the South were built along with all of the hospitals, roads, and schools. Strapped for cash and unable to get loans from banks, former slaves worked as sharecroppers or tenant farmers. This involved working other people’s farmland in exchange for a small cut of the value of the crops grown. Sharecroppers frequently fell prey to shopkeepers who offered them credit but charged exorbitant interest rates on farm supplies and other goods. Democrats at the time made matters worse by passing laws that allowed merchants to prosecute sharecroppers who couldn’t pay their debts. â€Å"Indebted African American farmers faced imprisonment and forced labor unless they toiled on the land according to the instructions of the merchant-creditor,† states America’s History. â€Å"Increasingly, merchants and landlords cooperated to maintain this lucrative system, and many landlords became merchants. The former slaves had become trapped in the vicious circle of debt peonage, which tied them to the land and robbed them of their earnings.† Angela Davis laments the fact that black leaders of the time, such as Frederick Douglass, did not campaign to end forced labor and debt peonage. Douglass primarily focused his energies on bringing an end to lynching. He also advocated for black suffrage. Davis asserts that he may not have considered forced labor a priority due to the widespread belief that incarcerated blacks must have deserved their punishments. But African Americans complained that they were frequently jailed for offenses for which whites were not. In fact, whites usually eluded prison for all but the most egregious crimes. This resulted in blacks jailed for petty offenses being incarcerated with dangerous white convicts. Black women and children were not spared from prison labor. Children as young as 6 years old were  forced to work, and incredibly women in such predicaments were not segregated from male inmates, making them vulnerable to sexual abuse and physical violence at the hands of both convicts and guards. After taking a trip to the South in 1888, Douglass witnessed firsthand the effects of forced labor on the African Americans there. It kept blacks â€Å"firmly bound in a strong, remorseless and deadly grasp, a grasp from which only death can free [them],† he noted. But by the time Douglass made this conclusion, peonage and convict leasing had been in effect for more than 20 years in certain places. And in a short stretch of time, the number of black prisoners grew rapidly. From 1874 to 1877, Alabama’s prison population tripled, for example. Ninety percent of new convicts were African American. Crimes formerly considered low-level offenses, such as cattle theft, were reclassified as felonies, ensuring that impoverished blacks found guilty of such crimes would be sentenced to longer prison terms. African American scholar W.E.B. DuBois was disturbed by these developments in the prison system. In his work, Black Reconstruction, he observed, â€Å"The whole criminal system came to be used as a method of keeping Negroes at work and intimidating them. Consequently there began to be a demand for jails and penitentiaries beyond the natural demand due to the rise of crime.† Legacy of the Black Codes Lives On Today a disproportionate amount of black men are behind bars. In 2016, the Washington Post reported that 7.7 percent of black men between the ages of 25 to 54 are institutionalized compared to 1.6 percent of white men. The newspaper also stated that the prison population has quintupled over the past four decades and that one out of nine black children has a parent in prison. Many ex-convicts can’t vote or get jobs after their release, increasing their chances of recidivism and trapping them in a cycle as relentless as debt peonage. A number of social ills have been blamed for the large numbers of blacks in prison - poverty, single-parent homes and gangs. While these issues may be factors, the Black Codes reveal that since slavery ended those in power have used the criminal justice system as a vehicle to strip African Americans of their liberty. This includes the glaring sentencing disparities between crack and cocaine, a higher police presence in black neighborhoods, and a bail system that requires those  arrested to pay for their release from jail or remain incarcerated if they’re unable to. From slavery onward, the criminal justice system has all too often created insurmountable hurdles for African Americans.

Free Essays on Paul Cézanne’s Houses On The Hill

Paul Cà ©zanne’s Houses on the Hill Houses on the Hill by Paul Cà ©zanne is a 60.3 by 79.2 centimeter oil-on-canvas landscape painting. It currently can be viewed at the McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, Texas. Cà ©zanne began this painting in 1900, yet it remains unfinished due to his death of pneumonia in 1906. Cà ©zanne built a landscape of houses and foliage on a hill looking over a river bank in Houses on the Hill. He emphasizes on the fusion between color and nature. During Cà ©zanne’s time, â€Å"the father of modern painting† as he is now referred to, experimented with different styles such as impressionism and classicism. Houses on the Hill, although, is an example of Cà ©zanne’s experimentation with post-impressionism. This style was formed primarily from impressionism but was further developed with the ideas and interests of the individual artists themselves. In Cà ©zanne’s case, he focused more on nature and landscapes, and the impressions they leave. Cà ©zanne was indeed considered a post-impressionist, but toward the end of his life and career as an artist, he is known to be involved in a movement called cubism. Cubism is historically thought of as the creation of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Many art historians, however, believe cubism evolved from the late works of Cà ©zanne, such as Houses on the Hill, and influenced the more renowned cubists. Cubism is essentially the radical rethinking of space as is known in art, moving more into abstraction. The canvas itself is thought of as a plane rather than a window. Moreover, this style can be broken down into two different types, analytical cubism and synthetic cubism. Houses on the Hill is an example of analytical cubism. Analytical cubism is basically the breaking down of objects. These objects seemingly overlap and merge into each other. Shallow depth and cool tones are both characteristic of analytical cubism. Other examples of this style are Picas... Free Essays on Paul Cà ©zanne’s Houses On The Hill Free Essays on Paul Cà ©zanne’s Houses On The Hill Paul Cà ©zanne’s Houses on the Hill Houses on the Hill by Paul Cà ©zanne is a 60.3 by 79.2 centimeter oil-on-canvas landscape painting. It currently can be viewed at the McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, Texas. Cà ©zanne began this painting in 1900, yet it remains unfinished due to his death of pneumonia in 1906. Cà ©zanne built a landscape of houses and foliage on a hill looking over a river bank in Houses on the Hill. He emphasizes on the fusion between color and nature. During Cà ©zanne’s time, â€Å"the father of modern painting† as he is now referred to, experimented with different styles such as impressionism and classicism. Houses on the Hill, although, is an example of Cà ©zanne’s experimentation with post-impressionism. This style was formed primarily from impressionism but was further developed with the ideas and interests of the individual artists themselves. In Cà ©zanne’s case, he focused more on nature and landscapes, and the impressions they leave. Cà ©zanne was indeed considered a post-impressionist, but toward the end of his life and career as an artist, he is known to be involved in a movement called cubism. Cubism is historically thought of as the creation of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Many art historians, however, believe cubism evolved from the late works of Cà ©zanne, such as Houses on the Hill, and influenced the more renowned cubists. Cubism is essentially the radical rethinking of space as is known in art, moving more into abstraction. The canvas itself is thought of as a plane rather than a window. Moreover, this style can be broken down into two different types, analytical cubism and synthetic cubism. Houses on the Hill is an example of analytical cubism. Analytical cubism is basically the breaking down of objects. These objects seemingly overlap and merge into each other. Shallow depth and cool tones are both characteristic of analytical cubism. Other examples of this style are Picas...

Landscape in Bessie Heads Collector of Treasures Essays

Landscape in Bessie Heads Collector of Treasures Essays Landscape in Bessie Heads Collector of Treasures Paper Landscape in Bessie Heads Collector of Treasures Paper Essay Topic: In Love and Trouble Stories of Black Women In this essay I will explore the construction of spatial discourses as they inform endured, racial and other ideologically policed senses of cultural identity. The prescribed statement; The questions of home, land, language and cultural expression are central to the constitution of identity, much as awareness of issues of gender, race, class and national identity are integral to the creative construction of liberating postcolonial subjects will be investigated through four stories from her short story collection, The Collector of Treasures (1992). The stories that will be looked at are The Deep River: A Story of Ancient Tribal Migration, Jacob: The Story of a Faith-Healing Priest, Life and The Wind and a Boy. Each story will be looked at in terms of societal changes; character displacement and exile themes; the clash between encroaching modernism and capitalism (brought about by colonialism and arguably neocolonialism) and tribal traditionalism; and dualities which reveal this clash of value as well as centers relating to control and gender. Because of the nature of her personal life and the themes with which she deals, each story will also be looked at in terms of borders: symbolic, topographic and temporal. Borders, by definition, keep things in as ell as keep things out, and so these raise the questions of space, place and belonging. For this reason, it becomes a postcolonial concern to envisage Heads fictional stories as textual landscapes by which she and the reader are allowed to navigate the potholes of gender, society, and the construction of identity. Bessie Head had a much-varied life while living in South Africa. She lived as a foster child until she was thirteen years old, studied at a mission school, trained as a teacher, and after a few years teaching, worked as a journalist for a DRIED publication, Golden City post. Head left South Africa and moved to Botswana, where she lived as a refugee for fifteen years (Head 1992:I). The Botswana government refused to grant her citizenship, fearing South African intervention should the exile community expand, and so she was forced to report weekly to the police (Nixon 1996:244). Ender Apartheid she had been the product of an illegal union between a black man and a white woman, and so her sense of cultural identity was pushed to the periphery. Her move to Botswana was not simply promoted by the search for freedom from racial oppression, but for a search of belonging. She had been rootless in South Africa, and unlike other African writers in exile, did not pursue the literary roots to the Northern Hemisphere, but moved to Botswana, one door away from South Africa (Head, cited in Nixon 1996: 243). And so, Heads move to neighboring Botswana reveals in her a belief which permeates her writing, that in being African there exists some essential connection across borders. It was a search as an African for a sense Of historical continuity, a sense of roots (Head cited in Sample 1991: 312). Head gained citizenship in 1 979, only two years after The Collector of Treasures was published. At the time of writing, Head was located firmly in an ambiguous space: not really a citizen of either country, and not really belonging to any particular (or at least recognized) racial grouping. Her concerns are visible in the readings of the short stories to be discussed hereafter. They tell the tales of movement, of a search for identity in the self and in the community. The characters in the stories take space and color for themselves an ideal place using the various modes through which a person knows and constructs a reality (Tuna cited in Sample 1991: 311). Her belief in the continuity of people is revealed, as she says: The least I can say for myself is that I forcefully created for myself under extremely hostile conditions, my ideal life. I took an obscure and almost unknown village in the Southern African bush and made it my own hallowed ground. Here, in the steadiness and peace of my own world, I could dream a little ahead of the somewhat vicious clamor of revolution and the horrible stench of social systems. My work was always tentative because it was always so completely new: it created a new world out of nothing; it brought all minds of people, both literate and semi-literate together, and it did not really qualify who was who everyone had a place in my world (Head cited in Sample 1991:312). Fittingly, the first short story I will deal with is also the first in the collection, and, interestingly, seems to offer some foreshadowing insights into some of the problems that would become a part of later society in post-Nine-/colonial rule and are dealt with in the stories later in the collection. The Deep River: A Story of Ancient Tribal Migration tells the story of a tribe, the people of Monoplane, whose kingdom was somewhere in the central part of Africa Head 1977:1 The ambiguous centrality of the tribe?s location lends itself to the idea that the problems faced by the tribe belonged to or would belong to, in this analysis all the people of Africa, and not simply those of a particular nation or region whose existence was delimited by external and constructed powers of control; borders which, in all reality, created different nations out of the same people. There are a number of themes at play in this story; the ideal community whose subjects really lived identity-less lives under the unquestionable rule of dictated authority, the corruptive power of authority, gender determinism, and finally, the search for home in new lands. Long ago, when the land was only cattle tracks and footpaths, the people lived together like a deep river (1). In the very first sentence, two motifs are introduced: movement and water. The footpaths might refer to a pre- industrial era, one of relative simplicity and free of capitalist influences, but it also might speak to the pattern of migrant and migrant labor forced upon the African people during the period of colonialism, a pattern which would remain one of the most central paradigms of socio-economic living even long after the continent was decolonize. But for now, it could make reference to the central theme of all the stories in this collection and Heads own state of traditionalism: the search for a home in which identity might manifest itself, individually and communally. Water is also an important motif in Heads stories. It comes to represent healing and well-being. In The Deep River the depth and nourishing power of the river is synonymous with the peace and calm of the people, who live together unruffled by conflict or movement forward (1 The tribe is, like the river, a wealth of tradition that returns a kind of stagnation. The river is deep, and not fast, and, like the people, unruffled by Movement forward. Immediately this allows the tribe to be imagined as stuck in its specific ways. This notion is confirmed when the manner in which they live is examined. The people lived without faces, except for their chief, whose face was the face of all the people (1). The people were community orientated, but also without individual identities. The people accepted this regimental leveling down of their individual souls (2) and followed the laws of the land, which were really Monoplanes laws. They could not plough, harvest, pound, boil or ferment the corn without permission, and so their own chief rigidly policed the peoples relationship with the land. This community was in actual fact, less than ideal, a top down power structure that quieted the popular democratic. This dynamic would be one that would become a corrosive and pervasive issue later in history, as colonial forces policed the people and their relationship with the land even more unjustly. The people of Monoplane are citizens who do not assert their democratic rights, are not allowed to assert their democratic rights. This is an important understanding to come to when read against Heads own experiences as a racial outlier in South Africa and a refugee in Botswana. This atmosphere of inertia in their own home is heightened when considering the topographic, symbolic and temporal borders as outlined by Johan Shamanism (2007). As a topographic element the river separates the tribe of Monoplane from other hostile tribes or great dangers, and so removes the possibility of harm. Because the location of the tribe is undisclosed (as this story is an entirely fictionally account of the Bootlace tribes history, as explained by Head (6)) it takes on a generalized quality of nation state borderlines. It becomes a symbolic border when considering the fact that without external contact there is no possibility of progression; the only things that could possibly be pictured outside of their own village is the great possibility of danger. Fear becomes an monopolizing factor and prevents any purport unity for development. The calm of the river and of the people is upset when Subleases right to chieftain comes into question. He admits to having conceived a son with Ranking, his late fathers wife, and takes her and the child as his own. His brothers, Animate and Moslems, are terrified that Subleases child would displace them in seniority and thus get to rule as chief before them, and they urge their brother to renounce both son and wife. When Seeable refuses to do so, they keep on him, and tacitly force him to leave the village. And so from this the corruptive power of authority can be read. Greedily, the brothers would rather force their own brother from his home than be outranked by a baby. Like its spatial positioning in this textual landscape, its temporarily becomes an intrinsic property. It outlines the passage from then into now, from the mime of unquestioning subjectivity under Monoplane to Subleases splinter groups experience later in the land of the Bandwagon people. It is important to note that the only time territory is reckon sized by name and location is here, when the splinter group have relocated and have come into contact with many other tribes like the Phalange, Bake and Boatswains (6). The reader is then allowed to attribute this very fable-like history to a particular people in a particular place and thus understand the power of landscape mapping; our eyes follow the footprints in the text until something s made familiar. The temporal borders in this story convey something about the erosive ability of time, as well as the static and discriminatory notions with regards to gender. The old men there keep on giving confused and contradictory accounts of their origins, but they say they lost their place of birth over a woman (6). The people cannot even remember their own history, and remain resentful that they lost their home, even though the splinter group who decided to leave did so voluntarily. The splinter group, before deciding to join Seeable had already decided that Animate and Moslems [were] at the OTTOMH of all this trouble (5), and yet to this day (6), the men maintain that it was a woman who had done it. This unequivocally shows that women remain the scapegoats of history; that the universal she had somehow poisoned the well from which the would-be mighty ruler had drunk. In a world where women were of no account (3), Seeable is admonished for taking his relationship with his new wife, Ranking, seriously. Ranking, the only female in the story to be mentioned by name, is compared to a child, and, if taken advice from, would negate the legitimacy of Seibel?s rule. Even Rawnesss father tries to convince her that her feelings are simply a passing fancy, that women never know their own minds (4). This is problematic for it implies that women operate on a lower consciousness level than men, if any at all. She responds by asserting other women may not know their minds (5), showing strength of character and will, but is interrupted by her fathers impersonal hand, pointing towards a new husband for her. Ranking, however, decides to leave her new partner and join Seeable on his journey to new lands. Head gives Ranking a voice where there women are denied it, and creates a metaphoric landscape in which women might be able to make themselves heard and exercise control over their own lives (Sample 1992: 311). In my opinion, Ranking becomes the predicate upon which the intrepid women figures later in the collection are drawn from. Much later in their history, the tribe has relocated to the land of the Bandwagon, and the name Teetotal was all they were to retain of their identity as the people of the kingdom of Monoplane (Head 1992: 6). In the language spoken by the tribe of Monoplane, Teetotal meant, all right, you an go (6). The language of their tribe became an integral part of their identity as a community in their new land. The new tribe literally referred to themselves as a dismissal, the notion of the journey a congenital layer in their new make-up. The people have become transnational themselves, with a historical sense of continuity. They are at once still the people of Monoplane, as well as the new people of the Teetotal. The next story in the collection is Jacob: The Story of a Faith-Healing Priest. In this story the reader becomes very aware of Heads preoccupation with the elites of human nature, of a split between good and bad. This duality manifests itself in the landscape and in the characters and is a representation of the clash of values between encroaching modernism and traditional life. As Head says in The Collector of Treasures there were really only two kinds of men in society (87). Believe this refers literally to her pattern of juxtaposing good and bad men where here, Jacob is set up against Lebanon. Also believe that it may refer to a more universal tendency to refer to society as mankind, where people contain within themselves a fundamental split. In Jacob, Jacob is beautiful and simple and deeply sincere (25) and engages in a life of meagerness. He lives in a simple hut, provides spiritual counsel to the people, takes no donations and places his trust and faith into his children followers, associating him with innocence and child-like goodness. In stark contrast to this, Lebanon is a selfish, greedy man who exploits his followers, lives in a mansion and is believed to indulge in witchcraft, or black magic. This juxtaposition is represented in the landscape where each man lives on a different side of Mangle, Jacob on the sunrise side, and Lebanon on the unset side. Clear images of good and bad, light and dark are set up, and so the split in the town illustrates the split between characters both external and internal. It is the topographic and symbolic border of the text. This binary also characterizes the temporal border of the text; Jacobs passage from a man as Prophet Lebanon (21) into his final and biblical form of goodness. Jacob had owned a beer brewing business, had a beautiful but materialistic wife and two attractive daughters. One night he is robbed and left with only a few hundred rand, when he hears the voice of God, bidding him to do his DOD work. Jacob had heard this voice before, on the night of his parents death. His father was a German man and had married a Montanan woman, and here it is clear that Head inserts some of her ova,JNI ambiguity into Jacob, rendering the split in him as intrinsic. Heads water motif comes into play here again, and its dualities are evident. She spends a page and a half describing the lush landscape of the village, and makes it clear that for Head, Botswana was a place of restorative powers and healing possibilities. The village of Mangle received its yearly quota of twenty-two inches of rain List the rest of the country was smitten by drought (19). A river also borders Mangle, marking the village as a fountain of good fortune and spiritual well-being it is home to two prophets. Drought in Heads stories comes to represent a spiritual barrenness, but this will be discussed later. However, water is also what killed Jacobs parents their car skidded into the river during a heavy downpour. It is als o believed that Lebanon could even make rain (36), tainting the spirituality of Mangles supposed good fortune with the evil of Lebanons black magic. Though it may notation both good and bad properties, it could be argued that if it were not for the death of Jacobs parents, he may never have heard the voice of God, and therefore would not have been pushed into the spiritual journey that resulted in him becoming the good and faithful man he did. This temporal border, Jacobs spiritual journey into selflessness, is also represented by his transition between two kinds of women. His first wife is selfish, greedy and materialistic and leaves him when he invites her to join in Gods work with him. Johanna, his second wife, is a single mother with children and presents the important conventions of traditional life. Just as Ranking is the only woman mentioned by name, so too is Johanna. She is strong willed, driven, and recognized as a real woman (30). And so, on a basic level, Jacobs first wife represents a capitalist society, whilst Johanna represents a traditional one. These values clash and cannot live together inside Jacob, just as Jacob and Lebanon cannot both live in the village. Lebanon becomes a victim of his own villainy and is caught performing a ritual murder. He is sentenced to death and [p]people say the OLL of Lebanon returned from the grave To tell the people whom he awoke at night his fellow ritual murderers to desist from taking the lives of people because of the agony he was suffering now (36). This may serve as a warning against the consequences of a lifestyle of capitalist greed and selfish indulgence. In her characterization and landscape, Head sets up dualities and borders across which people must travel. Though there is minimal physical movement in the story (Jacob travels into Mangle, as do his followers from other villages, including Johanna), the journeys undertaken by the characters come spiritual ones. They are the quests to find meaning and happiness in a traditional society ravaged by exploited capitalist economic infrastructures. This is the search for a cultural identity that is pursued by reconstructing reality through modes Of knowing; a search projected onto the landscape Of the text as characters attempt to cross external and personal borders and thus become actively involved in shaping their own worlds. In Life, an ironic title as the story culminates in the protagonists death, the clash of values between modern and traditional lifestyles are explored, as ell as the gender specific roles and expectations assigned to women. The story opens up with a socio-historical account of the relationship between South Africa and Botswana the borders were first set up between the two countries in 1963 and forced all Botswana citizens back to their country of birth. Head goes on to summarize a heavy flow of foot-traffic between the two countries, as migrant labor was a booming industry. From the first page, Head turns her personal traditionalism into a literary vision to convey a powerful sense of the endless border crossings, of continuation and linkages twine people (Nixon 1996: 244). In the story, Life is one of these people. Having left her village of birth at ten years old, she returns from Johannesburg seventeen years later (Head 1 992: 37). She is therefore a dislocated woman, having lived in the village but having been formed as an individual in the big city. Hers is the story and history of the continent; of forced displacement and the struggle to remained identity. The landscape of this story is not so much a physical one; descriptions of the physical terrain (as in the previous two) hold less symbolic importance than o the landscape of personal spheres of existence and clashing centers. Upon her return to the village, Life is shown to her family yard in the center of the village. With her vitality, extravagance and penchant for a luxurious and free lifestyle, people flock to Lifes center like moths to a flame; %She is going to bring us a little light, the women said among themselves (38). Life picked up her old profession of prostitution and soon the din and riot of a Johannesburg township was duplicated A transistor radio blared the day long. Men and women reeled around drunk (40). Life conceptualizes her new laity through the reconstructive modes of familiarity; by transporting the center of Johannesburg (that which she knows) into the heart of the village she creates in herself and her surrounds a sense of belonging. Lifes identity and life is intimately linked to the preservation of this center of vitality. SEG, the wealthy cattleman, occupies another center of village life, one that represents a new kind of male in the colonial era. He is simultaneously emblematic of the cultural mores and values of traditional village life as well a willing and opportunistic recipient of all things brought to African life by alongside, and enforced by neo-colonialism. As Life acknowledges in him (after he walks into the same bar that she conducts her business of selling herself) ; [h]e was the nearest thing she had seen for a long time to the Johannesburg gangsters she had associated with He same power and control (41). With a silent command he orders Life to his end of the bar, she adheres, and so their spheres come into contact. Sample (1991) suggests that Lifes downfall was due to the fact that Life moved her center into Lessees sphere. I don think that this rings completely true. Lifes center of existence had always revolved around power, money and extravagance, and just like the gangsters she had associated with in Johannesburg Lessee represented these values He was invited into her sphere so that they might control the center together. Life did not have to go home with Lessee that night, but she did so voluntarily. And had Lessee not in fact been at the same time, two kinds of men both traditional and modern Lifes fate may have been different. Lifes movement from her end of the bar to Lessees that night (41 ) delineates the temporal and symbolic borders of the landscape in this story. It suggests the moving of people into different spheres of life (symbolic), as well as Lifes passage into destruction (temporal). When Lessee arrived that night, death walked quietly into the bar (41 ). Lifes center thus becomes one of male control and dominance; He took control of all the money. She had to ask him for it and state what it was to be used for. Then he didnt like the transistor radio blaring the whole day long (41 In Life we see the emergence of a new kind of woman as well, equally influenced by the economic and power opportunities brought about by modernity. The beer-brewing women are a prime example of this. Surrounded but not ruled by the village ethos of simplicity and domestic obedience, they refuse to subscribe to these ideologies; Boyfriends, yes. Husbands, uh, uh, no. Do this! Do that! We want to rule ourselves (39). They are able to differentiate between romantic relationships and self- empowerment, stating that [l]eve is love and money is money (40). For this reason, Life becomes their queen. Michael Faculty writes about space being linked to power, and one can see this in these brave women, who flex the boundaries Of traditional life and create for themselves a world in which they re in control. Life, for a brief time, lives by her husbands rules, but becomes bored by the banality and repetition of daily life. Her vivacious spirit cannot be quieted, and in an act of final rebellion, she coordinates the event that will ultimately result in her death. [A] wild anger was driving her to break out of a way of life that was like death to her (44), and so she makes an appointment with a man at six oclock, even though she knows her husband is at home. She knows the consequences of her action as Lessee warned her at the beginning of their marriage that [I]f oh [Life] go with those men again Ill [Lessee] kill you (43). It seems as though Life wants to be caught, as though she would rather be killed physically than slowly die the spiritual death of a village wife. Alerted to Lifes actions in the yard Of a neighbor, and true to his word, Lessee kills Life with a large knife that he used for slaughtering cattle (45). In this sentence alone the value of women as a commodity to be consumed or destroyed is highlighted. She is no better than a cow, one that might earlier have been the prize of his herd, but now must be destroyed and swallowed whole without a thought. Speaking to Lessees position as a new colonial male and the unfair gender balance is Lessees sentence. The judge was a white man, and therefore not involved in Tsarina custom and its debates (46), and reacted sympathetically to Lessee who remained calm and diplomatic during his trial. Undoubtedly the judge was able to identify with these characteristics, which must have marked Lessee as a man of a new era. Lessee received only five years imprisonment. Heads comment on the gender imbalance is elucidated when compared to Diesels situation in The Collector of Treasures; she received a life sentence for committing the same crime. Once again Heads tacit monomania for dualities and the split self becomes clear. Contrasts are drawn between Life and the other village women. Even the beer-brewers, who admire her, remain somewhat removed, as they hadnt fallen that low yet (40). These clashes of values can be seen in a light similar to the clash between Jacob and Lebanon. Just as the two men could not both live in the village, neither could Life nor Lessee. He is a man split by down the middle by traditional village predicates and the greed of modern life, while she is a fire that eventually burns herself out rather than be tamed. The space Head creates in the textual landscape of this narrative is one of contested places of power, belonging and identity. Life and Lessee want to, at the same time, inhabit their individual spheres as well as share one together. Fee compromises while Lessee does not. Although physically they share the same space, they have each ascribed to it a different notion of life, happiness and identity. Their centers fight for control, and, as commented by Lessees friend at the end of the story, rivers never cross here (46). If we take into account Heads motif of water as life and healing, then both Life and Lessee re their own rivers, determining the health and direction of their own lives. They can never meet and remain individual rivers, because the current of one will always be stronger than the other. Heads experience as a transnational, attempting to create an ideal life in new spaces is illuminated in this tale of migration and of crossed borders.

Evaluating the American Job Market essays

Evaluating the American Job Market essays Economics has been an integral component of human enterprise ever since goldsmiths began utilizing their clients bullion to support unrelated endeavors. The goldsmiths simple process provided the model for present-day corporations to invest their net-worth in labor expansion and new technology. This process has led to a prevalent economic policy concerning the elimination and creation of jobs. Outsourcing, which specifically deals with the loss of jobs to foreign markets, is seen by many people as destructive to a nations economy, but it can ultimately increase the number of jobs available in the United States. Insourcing, a relocation of jobs into the United States by non-U.S. companies, is usually extremely beneficial to an economy with a high rate of unemployment. Economic policymakers in the United States continually deliberate on the optimum way to increase jobs and to decrease the dependence corporations have on outsourcing needed support functions to other places in the world. Interpreting the present-day economic market has become extremely complex; however, the complexities can be resolved by a comprehensive understanding of outsourcing, insourcing, and the policies that guide the American economy. Jobs that are outsourced to other countries can potentially increase the number of employment opportunities in America. Corporations look overseas for low-wage workers, which will decrease labor expenses. In addition, these companies search for the best possible environment for productivity (Taiwan 1). Cheaper labor costs theoretically allow[s] companies to invest more capital in new equipment and technology(Outsourcing 1). The new investments usually led to a creation of jobs in America. In order to create jobs, the U.S. [must] remain open to the worldwide economy (Parameswaran 2). Equally important, blue-collar job losses are opportunities for Americans to receive a higher ...

A Brief History of the Tampon and Who Invented It

A Brief History of the Tampon and Who Invented It The first tampons were made using a wide variety of materials found in nature. The prevailing thought seemed to be that if it was absorbent, chances are that it would work as a tampon.   Tampons First Appeared in Ancient Egypt For instance, the earliest historical evidence of tampon use can be found in ancient Egyptian medical records that described tampons comprised of material derived from the papyrus plant. In the fifth century B.C., Greek women fashioned their protection by wrapping lint around a small piece of wood, according to writings of Hippocrates, a physician considered to be the father of western medicine. The Romans, meanwhile, used wool. Other materials have included paper, vegetable fibers, sponges, grass and cotton.   But it wasn’t until 1929 that a physician named Dr. Earle Haas patented and invented the modern-day tampon (with applicator). He came up with the idea during a trip to California, where a friend told him how she was able to improvise a more comfortable and effective alternative to the commonly used and bulky external pads by simply inserting a piece of sponge on the inside, rather than outside. At the time, doctors were using plugs of cotton to staunch  secretions and so he suspected a compressed form of cotton would absorb just as well.   After a bit of experimenting, he settled on a design that featured a tightly bound strip of absorbent cotton attached to a string to  allow for easy removal. To keep the tampon clean, the cotton came with an applicator tube that extended to push the cotton into place without the user having to touch it. Tampax and o.b.: Two Brands With Longevity Haas filed for his first tampon patent on November 19, 1931, and originally described it as  a catamenial device, a term derived from the Greek word for monthly. The product name â€Å"Tampax,† which originated from â€Å"tampon† and â€Å"vaginal packs,† was also trademarked and later sold to  businesswoman Gertrude Tendrich  for $32,000. She  would go on to form the Tampax company and begin mass production. Within a few years, the Tampax arrived on store shelves and by 1949 appeared in more than 50 magazines.   Another similar and popular type of disposable tampon is the o.b. Tampon. Invented by German gynecologist Dr. Judith Esser-Mittag in the 1940s, the o.b. Tampon was marketed as a â€Å"smarter† alternative to applicator tampons by emphasizing greater comfort and doing away with the need for an applicator. The tampon comes in the shape of a compressed, insertable pad designed to expand in all directions for better coverage and also features a concave tip so that a finger can be used to push it snugly into place.   In the late 1940s, Esser-Mittag partnered with another physician named  Dr. Carl Hahn to start a company and market the o.b. Tampon, which stands for one binde or without napkins in German. The company was later sold to American conglomerate Johnson Johnson.   One major selling point the company touts on its website is the fact that a non-applicator tampon can be more environmentally friendly. How so? Johnson Johnson states that 90% of the raw materials that go into o.b. tampons come from renewable resources.

Information flows and financial management Essay

Information flows and financial management - Essay Example The first scenario is a simple procedure for adding a new project code to the system. One needs to enter the user name to get access into the production screen. To create a new project code, project code form has to be filled by entering all the required information. We can also confirm the submission of the project code and review the route log. There are some new features that are added in the KFS module. For instance Kuali automatically directs the routing of the eDocs for online approval. The built in Kuali Enterprise Workflow (KEW) sends documents to the users set up by the organization. There are also control points established to ensure that the system does not allow duplicate entries and displays appropriate error messages. The system also allows us to send ad hoc requests even after the product code is created which makes it easier for the end users. . The second scenario incorporates transferring funds from one account to another account using eDoc. To create a new transfer of funds eDoc, the description, account number and document overview field needs to be filled out. If invalid information is filled out, the application would indicate an error message. Once all the information is filled in, the eDoc can be submitted for Routing and approval. If the value is known to the user, it can be directly entered in eDoc otherwise the lookup icon is a very useful field which helps us search for the right values. There is another important KFS feature which allows importing of accounting lines from comma separated values (CSV). We can access the templates from accounting fields, fill in the data and add the accounting lines by attaching the template. My assessment of this system is that the KFS design includes a base system of general ledger, transactions, reporting and workflow hence this system can be adapted and customized to any institution as per the

Investment Portfolio for the Susan Griffin Case Study

Investment Portfolio for the Susan Griffin - Case Study Example According to Susan's listing, her nondiscretionary expenses include utility bills, automobile expenses, and medical insurance. She notes that these expenses will be difficult to cut down since regardless of the turn in her business ventures, she must continue leading a comfortable life. However, she acknowledges that there are possibilities of reducing expenditure on some of her nondiscretionary items including holiday gifts and clothes. Other items that she opted to reduce spending on included her discretionary expenses that included the travel, membership, and occasional purchases. Additionally, she may as well forgo the expenses accrued in the tax-deductible expenses including charitable giving and property taxes. After determining the assets, it would be vital for Griffin to determine the appropriate asset allocation. This is usually the most challenging step since it is associated with varied risks; however, it is worth noting that high risk usually results in high returns. None theless, it is advisable for Griffin to allocate her assets in different ventures so that she may spread the risks (Elton 707). Her current financial needs are quite high; therefore, it would be for investments into businesses that will have equivalent or higher returns.   The greater return possibilities usually come at greater losses risk expenses. This is usually determined by risk/return tradeoff. Therefore, it would be appropriated for Griffin to subdivide her liquid asset into the degree of risks. Ventures that are associated with high risks must have higher percentages of her investment. From the list of her appreciate selections, the High – yield bonds or the â€Å"junk† bonds should be the first priority since they are issued with companies associated with relatively high credit risks. The company should be allocated fifty percent of the total investment followed by investment – grade bonds which should be allocated 35 percent. The investment grade bo nds are noted to be supplied by high credit quality companies; however, such companies have less liquid compared to treasury security. The rest of the investment should investments in the U.S. Treasury bonds (Reilly and Brown 88). This company is not associated with credit risks and has it is very liquid; hence, they are easy to buy and sell. The latter company ventures less into a risky business; thus, it is unlikely to make much profit.   It should be noted that Griffin was worried about active involvement into the business, these investment types will keep her active by monitoring the movement of these three stock markets and with the advice from her brokers, she will know when to sell and buy the same with return maxim. Through these investments, Griffin will maintain her monthly expenditure and still lead a comfortable life.

Analyze Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Analyze - Essay Example In the first story, Graduation by Maya Angelou, the author tends to explain an array of emotional turmoil that the protagonist undergoes; she is a young girl belonging to an African American race thus making her skin tone black as compared to the other white students in her classroom. The story is set in the 1940s, the year which she is to graduate and at the final graduation day speech, her heart begins to flutter as she listens to one of her professors speak proudly about the â€Å"white students† as he goes on and on about how they will prosper and become the next generation of famous scientists, architects, artists and politicians of the country. He completely undermined the feelings of those students that belonged to other races and in this manner discriminated against them; the young girl felt disappointment, anger, sadness and then pride within herself during the course of the speech. When the valedictorian, a young classmate by the name of Reed gave his speech, he trie d to encourage those that had been left out and the girl felt happy that there were some people who thought differently. She made it a point to be proud of her background instead of being angry at the professor; she understood that people would probably discriminate against her in the long run in life however she motivated herself to do extremely well in life and not hear their taunts. She thus overcame her challenge by moving on and not thinking about things that people say who do not even matter. The second beautiful piece, ‘A Hole in the Wall’ by Andrea Barrett is a wonderful account of a couple moving into Brooklyn to spend their lives with each other. The author talks about the shoddy surroundings where they took up a dwelling however the love and affection with which she had begun to care for the place; with time, she began to overcome her fear of living in a less luxurious place and gave in

The Managerial Accounting Process in General Electric Inc Term Paper

The Managerial Accounting Process in General Electric Inc - Term Paper Example Planning of operations primarily involves the budgeting process. It is associated with the cost of producing a unit of product. Thereafter, the actual performance of the firm is compared along with the budgeted amounts and controlling occurs in those sectors where the difference seems to be significant (CSN, 2011). Simultaneously, along with the development of managerial accounting principles, the traditional accounting system also witnessed a rapid development. However, there are good numbers of firms which are still following the traditional accounting system. But with the increasing global competition and evolution of technologies, production oriented operations are becoming more and more complex. Firms need to do an effective evaluation of the cost that they incur for producing goods so that proper pricing of those goods can be done, which will generate sufficient revenues for the company. Precise cost information is very crucial for every aspect of the business, be it pricing po licies, product designs or performance reviews. These requirements saw the inception of activity based accounting over two decades ago and now is widely used in the US, Europe and Pacific. Similar to managerial accounting, activity-based costing not only includes the evaluation of a company from a financial perspective but also from the wholesome perspective as it includes both financial and non-financial data in its reporting (Gupta & Galloway, 2003). The following section will involve a thorough analysis of the managerial accounting process followed in General electric Inc thereby explaining the significance of Activity-based costing towards the financial performance of the company. Moreover, comments will be made as to whether the use of activity-based costing system will add to the benefits of the company or not. Thereafter, emphasis will be laid on the use of standard costing by General Electric (GE). Standard costing is basically used by companies for comparing standard cost s et by the company with the actual cost that is incurred. Hence it draws attention to the performance of the company with respect to the goal that is set by the company. The fifth part of the project enlightens the benefits of the relevant cost for the future projects of the company. It helps the management of the company to take any crucial decision regarding the acceptance of the project or take make or buy decision. Â  

WEEK 8 470 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WEEK 8 470 - Essay Example It is astonishing to know that the GDP of the world’s 47 poorest countries (approximately 570 million people) is far less when compared to the combined wealth of the world’s top ten wealthiest people.(Kroll, 2007).This wide gap can be bridged by strengthening the purchasing powers of the affected countries. According to Jack another area to tackle would be writing off debts owed by the poorest of countries. This would in essence enable the country to concentrate her resources to feeding her people and to put measures in place to curb poverty. On the same point Jill proposed technological assistance to the poorest countries. With improved technology and better farming practices, the yield per acre can go up to five-fold the current production rate. Another proposal by Jill to increase loans and funding to poorer countries was opposed by Joe. His reasoning was that giving loans without monitoring the money was in itself an act of futility. Indeed the poorest nations also ranked very high in corruption index. Controlled grants are so far the most viable solution in financial

Sexual Addiction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sexual Addiction - Research Paper Example To most people, Sexual Addiction seems to be a misnomer since sexual activities are normal exercises that occur naturally to living beings. People may find it difficult to comprehend the limits of sexual activities when it crosses the stage of normal sexual activities and becomes a mania, or compulsive obsession. The answer is not too far to seek. The brain secretes chemicals called endorphins which are responsible for pleasure sensations in living beings. These chemicals are also released after peak sexual activities, especially after ejaculation. Eventually, the craving for release of endorphins through sexual activities becomes very demanding and even uncontrollable, thus leading to Sexual Addiction which makes a person to always crave for sexual satisfaction, irrespective of other considerations. This could effectively lead to â€Å"an obsession with sex that dominates ones life, including sexual fantasies that interfere with work performance.† (Sexual addiction, n.d.). Sexual Addictions may adopt many manifestations when joined with drugs and/or alcohol that form a lethal combination that could cause multiple harms to its imbibers; including death or disability. Besides, the nexus between unsafe sexual practices and scourges like venereal diseases, HIV and a score of other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are well documented. In this essay, it is preferred to consider the ramifications of Sexual Addictions, a study of available literature on this subject and the ways and means by which further research studies could be made on this subject. This essay would also consider a sound conclusion that could appropriately underpin this study. According to well researched and document studies, there is no symptoms for Sexual Addictions. It is a widely ranging and encompassing addiction that seize in its stride, â€Å"compulsive masturbation, compulsive heterosexual and homosexual relationships, pornography, prostitution,

The Growth of California in the Late 19th Century and the Development Essay

The Growth of California in the Late 19th Century and the Development of a Unique State History - Essay Example Change came for California beginning in the middle of the 19th century. Previously owned by Mexico, then the Spanish as a consequence of Spanish advance towards the Pacific, in 1848 the land changed from the Spanish2, and in 1850 it was admitted to the Union of the United States of America3. Despite this, interest in the state by Americans was not immediate, and it took until near the end of the 19th century for the news of ‘merchant adventures’ to reach the ears of Americans, and for them to begin to develop a fascination with the state4. This change in statehood was of crucial importance, as under Spanish rule, colonists of California were restricted from trading with the Americans. However, as a consequence of the necessity of the trading, and the daring of the Americans, trade often happened despite the restrictions5. A second force that struck in the middle of the 19th century was the gold rush which began in 1849. This resulted in the rapid migration of many more i ndividuals that would normally occur in the course of settlement. Men, women and children travelled many hundreds of miles of dangerous and unknown terrain for the hope California and the promised riches offered. The gold was not the only driver, for California offered a large supply of game, natural resources and many possibilities6. In May of 1869, another monumental step was made; the Central Pacific Railway was completed. The tracks spanned the United States from the East to the West, linking the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. This success meant large changes for California, oxen were no longer crossing the terrain carrying weary travelers, and the populations at the mines were dwindling. Instead the cities and agriculture began to grow substantially, with migrants coming to the state through the railroad7 (Cleland – 394-396). The final change which set California free to grow as a state and to form its own history and future was the rewrite of the constitution of 18798 .By this time the state was already growing rapidly, and was recognized among the ten most urbanized states within the United States, with its agricultural prowess growing at a fast rate9. The constitution developed in 1949 was powerful, and the constitutions of 21 other states were consulted when deciding how to word the constitution. It represented a complete rejection of all the legal systems that had occurred in California prior to it becoming a state10. The 1879 rewrite of the constitution built on this, becoming a strong document, and empowering California to move forward as a state. The period between the mid and the late 19th century was a period of turbulent change for California. Before it even joined the Union, the Spanish state had experienced an extreme influx of migrants from throughout the country as a consequence of the gold rush and the desire for a better land to settle. The changes incorporating the growing state into the new Union as well as the increase connecti on through the rail system, and the revised constitution gave California the space to grow and to develop as a state in its own right, forming its own unique history. Bibliography Cleland, R. G. A History of California: The American Period, The Macmillan company 1922). Pincetl, S. S. Transforming California: A Political History of Land